of the government, drove away the rebel lenders, and issued a general pardon to all who returned to their allegiance. He died in 1647.—W. G.
CALVI, Fortunato, a distinguished Italian republican, born at Padua in 1818. Calvi was educated at the military college of Gratz, and was an officer in the Austrian army at the outbreak of the Italian revolution in 1848. Calvi threw up his commission and eagerly flew to Venice, where he entered the republican forces as colonel, and greatly distinguished himself during the siege. On the fall of Venice he escaped to Piedmont. In 1853 the celebrated Orsini having undertaken to lead an insurrectionary movement in Lunigiana, Calvi was commissioned by Mazzini to head a simultaneous revolt in Cadore. On entering Lombardy he was betrayed by a Tyrolese guide, arrested, and taken in chains first to Inspruck, then to Verona, and then to Mantua, where he was tried by an exceptional tribunal. He answered the interrogatories of his judges with calm dignity, carefully avoiding every possibility of compromising his fellow-conspirators. He was then confined in the fortress of Mantua. At first he was well treated, but early in 1855 he was ordered into a solitary cell. On the 2nd July in that year he was again carried before the exceptional tribunal, and sentenced to be hung on the 4th. He listened calmly; and on being told that he might receive a pardon if he would implore the emperor's clemency, he replied—"Never! my hatred to Austria is stronger than my love of life."—E. A. H.
CALVI, Lazzaro and Pantaleo. These painters were the sons of Agostino Calvi, an old Genoese artist. Lazzaro was born in 1501. The brothers studied under Perino del Vaga. Pantaleo was the elder; but either from modesty, or from inferior talent, or what is most probable, from dread of the turbulent temper of his brother, he claimed little share in the success of the many works they executed in conjunction. The brothers painted at Genoa, Monaco, and Naples. Lanzi accounts very highly their façade of the palazzo Doria (now that of Spinola). Their "Continence of Scipio" in the palazzo Pallavacini at Zerbino, Mengs regards as equal in power to any production of their master. Envy or ambition carried Lazzaro to great excesses. He sought to build up his fame on the murdered bodies of his rivals. He poisoned, among others, Giacomo Bargone, an artist of great promise. By various villanous contrivances he sought to clear his path of other competitors. With a fertile list of crimes in his heart, however, he comfortably worked away at the "Birth of John the Baptist," in the chapel de Nobili Centurioni. Andra Semini and Lucia Cambiaso were likewise engaged on this picture. The labour of Cambiaso being preferred by Prince Doria, the successful artist obtained the commission to paint the frescos in the church of St. Matteo. Mad with rage and disappointment, Lazzaro flung away his art and went to sea. For twenty years he followed a sailor's life, then resumed the brush, and died a painter at the extreme age of 105. His last works, in the church of St. Caterina, betray his years.—W. T.
CALVIN, CAUVIN, or CHAUVIN, John, the second son of Gerard Calvin and Joanne Lefranc, was born at Noyon in Picardy, 10th July, 1509. The elder Calvin, a notary apostolic and procureur-fiscal for the lordship of Noyon, was able to afford his son the means of a good education, and he was trained along with the children of the noble family of De Montmor. The boy's correctness, fidelity, and religious susceptibilities encouraged his father to set him apart for an ecclesiastical life. Calvin was thirteen years of age when he obtained a benefice in the chapelle de Notre Dame de la Gesinè, and was enabled by the income derived from this nominal situation to proceed to Paris and enter on a course of regular academical study. After a short period of attendance at the collége de la Marche, he removed to the collége Montaigu. At this period the grammatical and logical progress of Calvin was remarkable; acuteness and power characterized him no less than the habit of patient investigation and precise composition. At the age of nineteen he obtained the living of Martville, and two years afterwards he exchanged it for Pont-l'Evêque, a village near his birthplace. These preferments were irregular, and the unfledged incumbent was required only to take the tonsure and hold a disputation. Though never ordained, he is said to have preached several times. But Calvin was not destined to enter the priesthood. His father imagined that the study and practice of law would present a more lucrative field for the genius and industry of his son, and the young man seems for a season to have entertained a similar opinion. He resigned his living, left Paris, and settled at Orleans, to study law under Pierre de l'Etoile, president of the parliament of Paris, and a famous teacher of the day. In this new sphere the energy and talent of the young jurisconsult asserted themselves, and his subtle and yet laborious mind so fully mastered the science, that he not only often taught in room of his tutor, but on leaving Orleans received the title of doctor of laws without the usual fees. During his sojourn in this place, his spirit had been awakened to the study of the bible, and, in common with many anxious inquirers, he felt those impressions which soon ripened into enlightened, living, and masculine piety. On repairing to Bourges to prosecute the study of law under Alciato, he had the unspeakable advantage of learning Greek under Volmar. The doctrines of the Reformation were embraced by him, and were immediately also imparted by him to many listeners. His fervent and resolute nature could not hide convictions of such moment, and his great earnestness made itself felt in many circles, for he taught, as Beza says, not "with affected eloquence, but with solid gravity of style." There were with him no bursts of juvenile enthusiasm, none of those wondrous raptures with which many embrace and propound a religious novelty. His calm but animated soul in his earliest and somewhat reluctant efforts to teach the new views, chose weighty and well-weighed words as the fitting expression of what he deemed truths of the highest interest. In fact, h had passed through a severe and prolonged mental discipline, which, while it had made him proof against extravagance and declamation, had, as his first biographer justly surmises, seriously undermined his health.
At this period Calvin's father died, and after some months of unsettled life, the reformer fixed his abode in Paris, and frequently preached, having given himself without reserve to the study of theology. The reformed doctrines were then lifting their head in the French capital. The thoughtful and pious were attracted towards them; those who longed for a simpler and purer creed; those who had been protesting in heart against clerical inconsistency and arrogance; and those who had been wearied with the lassitude or impressed with the vanity of ceremonial routine. Calvin's master-spirit gave him a speedy and unsought supremacy among the friends of the Reformation, and exposed him to the fury of its opponents. To soften the heart of Francis I. towards the evangelical party, he published in 1532 Seneca's two books De Clementia, accompanied with such notes and comments as might induce his majesty to adopt milder measures towards those whose only crime was a daring avowal of their religious convictions. In this work he confounds the two Senecas, father and son, and uniting both their ages, blunders so far as to say that the author of the work on Clemency died 115 years of age. In the title-page he latinized his name into Calvinus, which he afterwards retained. He prepared also an address for his friend Copp, which, as regent of the Sorbonne, he delivered on the festival of All Saints. The address was so free and ardent a vindication of the reformed tenets that the reciter of it was obliged to flee from Paris, while its author made his way with difficulty to the court of the queen of Navarre. He then retired to Saintonge, and afterwards to Nerac. Shortly after we find him in Paris again, challenging Servetus, refuting in his "Psychopannychia," published in 1534, the "soul-sleep" of the anabaptists—and maintaining the consciousness and intelligence of the disembodied spirit. Persecution, however, became so intense that Calvin found it necessary to leave France, and take up his residence in Basle, where he found solace and excitement in the society of several eminent scholars and truth-seekers, and set himself to the acquisition of Hebrew. Francis I. had alleged to the German princes, in vindication or apology for his persecution of the reformers, that his punishments lighted only on men guilty of sedition and political disorder. Calvin saw the hollow pretext—that it was "a trick of the court to excuse itself for shedding the blood of the saints;" and it was this, he says, that "moved me to publish my 'Institutes.'" There seems to have been an anonymous French edition of this immortal work published at Basle in 1535. But next year it was enlarged and published in Latin with the author's name; Basle, 1536. This work is a literary prodigy, whether we consider its style and form, its lucid and logical arrangements, or the influence which it has exerted on the age that produced it and on succeeding centuries. Written when Calvin was only twenty-five, and after but a few years of theological study, it is
