that in 1541 he was invited to Leipzig for the same purpose. In 1555-56 he was again deputed to the diets held at Augsburg, Nurnberg, and Regensburg. He died at Leipzig, April 17, 1574. He has left upwards of 150 works, amongst which his "Life of Melancthon"—new edition by Strobel, Halle, 1777; his "Commentarii Linguæ Græcæ et Latinæ," Basle, 1551; and his "Epistolæ Familiares," which were published after his death, are the most renowned. By his numerous editions and translations of Greek and Roman classics, he greatly contributed to the revival of classical learning in Germany.—K. E.
CAMERARIUS, Rudolf Jacob, a German physician and botanist, son of Elias Rudolf, was born at Tübingen in 1665, and died in 1721. He studied philosophy and natural history at Tübingen, and afterwards prosecuted medicine in Germany and Holland. At Leyden he became assistant demonstrator in the university. He afterwards visited Britain, and subsequently studied in the Hôpital de la Charité at Paris. After visiting Savoy and Italy, and spending much time at Venice and Rome, he returned to Tubingen through Switzerland. He received the degree of doctor of medicine at the university of Tubingen, and was appointed assistant to his father as professor of medicine and inspector of the botanic garden. He was subsequently elected successor to his father as primarius professor of medicine. His botanical works were edited by Mikan in 1797.—J. H. B.
CAMERON, the name of a powerful Highland clan, which had its original seat in Lochaber, and figured conspicuously in Scottish history. The most celebrated of the chiefs of this warlike tribe was—
Cameron, Sir Ewen, of Lochiel, surnamed the Black. He was born in 1629, and educated at Inverary castle under the guardianship of his kinsman and feudal superior, the marquis of Argyll, the leader of the Scottish covenanting party. At the age of eighteen he broke loose from the authority of his guardian, and took up arms in the royal cause. He joined the earl of Glencairn and General Middleton in 1652-54, and fought with distinguished bravery against Monk, Morgan, and other parliamentary generals. When the Restoration took place Lochiel was cordially welcomed at court, and received the honour of knighthood from King James. On the expulsion of that monarch, General Mackay attempted to gain over Lochiel to the side of King William by the offer of a title and a sum of money; but his attachment to the cause of James, and especially his hatred to the house of Argyll, induced him to reject these proposals and join the standard of Dundee. His judicious counsel and undaunted courage contributed greatly to the complete victory which the Highlanders gained at Killiecrankie over the royal forces under Mackay. He ultimately submitted to the government, and took the oath of allegiance to King William. The remainder of his life was spent in retirement. He died in 1719 at the age of ninety, leaving behind him a reputation for personal prowess, wisdom, and integrity, unrivalled among the Celtic chiefs. Macaulay terms Sir Ewen "the Ulysses of the Highlands."—(Macaulay's History, vol. iii., page 320; Memoirs of Sir Ewen Cameron, printed for the Abbotsford Club.)
Cameron, Donald, of Lochiel, the grandson of Sir Ewen, was the model of a Highland chieftain, and is still remembered by the title of "the gentle Lochiel." He took a conspicuous part in the rebellion of 1745, being the first to appear with his clan at the place of rendezvous in Glenfinnan; and there is every reason to believe that, but for his influence, the other Highland chiefs would not have joined that ill-fated enterprise. It was he who captured the city of Edinburgh without the loss of a single life. He was in the front of the battle of Prestonpans, which was mainly gained by his clan. At Culloden, where they suffered great loss, he was severely wounded in the legs, but was carried off the field by some of his faithful followers, and was concealed for some time in a cave on the side of a mountain called Benalder, where, on the 30th of August, 1746, he was joined by the hapless prince himself. Ultimately they embarked together on board a French vessel, named L'Heureux, and on the 29th September landed in safety on the coast of Brittany. Lochiel was soon after appointed to the command of a regiment in the French service, but did not long survive, having died in 1748. His estates were of course forfeited, but were afterwards restored, and still remain in the possession of the family.
Cameron, Dr. Archibald, the brother of Lochiel, escaped with him to France, but revisited Scotland in 1749 and again in 1753. On this latter occasion he was apprehended, brought to trial in London, condemned, and hanged at Tyburn—the last victim of the unhappy rebellion of "the Forty-five."
Cameron, John, Colonel, who fell at Quatre Bras at the head of his regiment, the 92nd Highlanders, was one of the most distinguished British officers who fought under Wellington. A baronetcy was bestowed upon his father. Sir Ewen Cameron, as an acknowledgment of the bravery and eminent services of his gallant son.—J. T.
CAMERON, Sir Alan, K.C.B., distinguished in the British army as the leader of the Cameron Highlanders. He first served in the American war, and while making his escape from a two years' imprisonment at Philadelphia, received injuries from which he never completely recovered. In 1793 he raised at his own expense and in three months, from among the members of his clan, the 79th or Cameron Highlanders. At the head of this regiment he served in the Netherlands and West Indies, and when it was disbanded, he succeeded in raising it anew. He subsequently served in the Egyptian campaign, the descent upon Zealand, and under Sir John Moore in Sweden and the Peninsula, where he distinguished himself in several engagements. Having risen to the rank of lieutenant-general, he died in 1828.—J. B.
CAMERON, David, a celebrated gardener, died in 1848, at the age of sixty-one. In 1827 he was head-gardener at Bury Hill, near Dorking, Surrey, and in 1831 was appointed curator of the recently-founded botanic garden at Birmingham. He was a successful cultivator, and contributed many articles to the Gardener's Magazine and to the Phytologist. He was particularly successful in the cultivation of orchideæ. He continued curator of the Birmingham garden till his death.—J. H. B.
CAMERON, John, elected bishop of Glasgow in 1426, was lord-high-chancellor of Scotland from the fourth year of James I. to the third of James II. He attended the council of Basle in 1431 as representative from Scotland.
CAMERON, John, one of the first biblical scholars whom Scotland has produced, was born at Glasgow about 1579. He was educated in his native city, where he also taught Greek in the university for about a year. In 1600 he went to France, and was cordially received by the protestant ministers of Bordeaux. Mr. Cameron acquired great reputation among them as a classical scholar. It is said that he could speak Greek as fluently as it was usual for the learned of that day to speak Latin. He was soon appointed to teach the classics in the college of Berberac, and ere long to the chair of philosophy at Sedan. He then, after visiting Paris, returned to Bordeaux, where in 1604 he was nominated one of the students of divinity, to be maintained for four years at the expense of the church. While he held this position he was also tutor to the two sons of Calignon, chancellor of Navarre, and in company with his pupils studied successively at Paris, Geneva, and Heidelberg. In 1608 he settled at Bordeaux as colleague to Dr. Primrose, and ten years later succeeded the celebrated Gomarus in the chair of divinity at Saumur. He had been there only two years when the civil war compelled him to seek refuge in England. After reading private lectures on divinity for some time in London, he was sent by King James in 1622 to assume the principalship of Glasgow university, in room of Robert Boyd of Trochrig, whose firm adherence to presbytery was offensive to the king. He retained the appointment only a year. Returning to France, he became in 1624 professor of divinity at Montauban. The civil commotions had not subsided, and his return to the scene of them cost him his life. He maintained the doctrine of passive obedience against the agents of the duc de Rohan, who were endeavouring to excite the inhabitants of Montauban to take arms. This offended the more zealous party, and Cameron was attacked on the street and wounded by some unknown assailant. He never recovered from the effects of this assault, but died at Montauban in 1625, when only forty-six years of age. His "Prælectiones in selectiora loca Novi Testamenti," were published at Saumur shortly after his death, with a sketch of the author's life and character by his pupil Capellus. A collection of his numerous theological works appeared at Geneva in 1642, under the editorial care of Frederick Spanheim. Cameron's position as a theologian is worthy of note. Dissatisfied with the doctrine of his church on the subject of predestination and freewill, he founded a system known as "hypothetic universalism," which was more fully developed by his pupil, Amyraut, and came from him to be called Amyraldism. It differed from Arminianism in holding the doctrine of uncon-
