he lingered for three years longer. Liberated in 1629, he was warned that the implacable Spaniards were resolved to imprison him again in Naples, and various traps were laid for him, which for a time he eluded. But the danger increasing, he resolved to escape; and with the aid of the French ambassador, in 1634 he effected his object, disguised as a Minimo friar. At Marseilles he was warmly welcomed by the illustrious Teireschio, who took him to his residence at Aix. After a few months Campanella took up his abode at Paris in the convent of the Jacobins. Here he was honoured and sought after by all the leading men of the capital. Cardinal Richelieu presented him to Louis XIII., who assigned to him a pension of 1000 francs. He died May 26, 1639, at the age of seventy-one—one of the many martyrs of science whose worth was greater than his fame. His works, besides those mentioned above, are—"Ad doctorem gentium de gentilismo non retinendo, et de prædestinatione et gratia," Paris, 1656, 4to; "De prædestinatione, electione, reprobatione, et auxiliis divinæ gratiæ contra," Paris, 1636, 4to; "De sensû rerum et magiâ," Paris, 1637, 4to; "Apologia pro Galilæo."—[M.]
CAMPANI, Giovanni Antonio, an Italian bishop, born at Carelli in 1427. His birth was so obscure that his real name was unknown; and he might have died without having risen beyond the condition of a shepherd, but for a priest who became struck with the intelligence of the lad, whom he found tending sheep, and, taking him into his service, taught him Latin. Through the aid of the same kind patron he was enabled to complete an education which embraced belles-lettres. While following a course of studies he made the friendship of a man of rank, who recommended him to the pope, and Campani became secretary to Callixtus III. When Pius II. succeeded to the papal chair, he had his predecessor's secretary appointed major domo to his own chief minister, Sassoferrato, and made him bishop of Crotona. It is a striking proof of the opinion entertained of his abilities by a court whose diplomatic skill has never been questioned, that the bishop should have been selected for the delicate task of exciting the German powers to make war against the Turks. His mission failed, and he did not take his failure in a spirit of christian resignation, for he left Ratisbonne uttering maledictions on the German race. It is not improbable that his indignation was not unmingled with generous regrets for what he believed a good cause; for we subsequently find him quarrelling with another pope, Sextus IV., on account of the excesses committed by his troops on the suppression of a revolt in Todi. This learned, acute, and brave bishop, who rose from being a poor nameless keeper of sheep to be the confidant of popes, had not even advantages of face or figure, for he was ugly and deformed. His protest in favour of the people of Todi lost him further favour. He died at Sienna in 1477. His writings, directed to topics of the day, were brisk, vigorous, and effective; but contain no present interest beyond their being illustrative of a remarkable character.—J. F. C.
CAMPANI, Matteo and Giuseppe, two brothers, natives of the diocese of Spoleto, flourished about 1678. Matteo is celebrated for several optical inventions, especially object-glasses of enormous focal length. It was by the aid of these that he discovered Jupiter's spots, a discovery which he had to maintain against the claims of Divini. Giuseppe was also a noted inventor and astronomer.
CAMPANNA, Pedro, an artist, born of Spanish parents at Brussels in 1503. He studied in Italy at an early age, and is even alleged to have been a pupil of Raffaelle. Charles V. invited him to Spain, where he painted the "Purification" and the "Nativity" for the cathedral of Seville, and a "Descent from the Cross" for the church of St. Lorenzo. He was glad, however, to exchange his success in a foreign city for the sight of his natal place once more, and he died rich and famous at Brussels in 1570.—W. T.
CAMPANTON or CANPANTON, Rabbi Isaac ben Jacob, celebrated as a teacher of the Talmud, and therefore styled the "Gaon of Castile," died in 1463, at the remarkable age of 103 years. He composed an excellent treatise on the method of studying the Talmud, under the title of "Darche Ha-Talmud" (The Ways of the Talmud), which has gone through several editions.—T. T.
CAMPANUS of Novara, the first translator of Euclid into Latin. It is not certain when the Campanus lived who did this eminent service to mathematics. There was one of the name who wrote a calendar in 1200, another who was chaplain to Pope Urban IV., elected 1261, and the honour has been claimed for both. Some have thought that it is due to an even earlier Campanus living some time in the eleventh century. The translation was manifestly made from an Arabic version, and was first printed in 1482.—J. B.
CAMPANUS, Johann, a German divine of the sixteenth century. He was a follower of Luther till 1530, when he founded a sect of his own called the Campanites. He held a peculiar opinion respecting the Supper, and taught that the Son and Holy Spirit are not two persons distinct from the Father.
CAMPBELL, one of the most powerful clans among the Scottish Highlanders, whose chiefs have for upwards of five centuries taken a prominent part in the public affairs of the country. According to tradition their original name was O'Dubbin, and their seat Lochow. One of their chiefs named Diarmid was a famous warrior, and from him the clan were frequently denominated "the sons of Diarmid." In the reign of Malcolm Canmore, a chief named Gillespie married the heiress of Lochow, and assumed the name of Campbeil, which was henceforth borne by the whole clan. Sir Colin, one of his descendants, was so distinguished by his warlike achievements and the additions he made to his estates, that he obtained the surname of More or Great, and from him the chief of the clan is to this day styled in Gaelic Mac Callum More, or the son of Colin the Great. His eldest son. Sir Neil, was one of the first to join Robert Bruce, and adhered with unwavering fidelity to that monarch's cause throughout the whole of his chequered career. He was rewarded with the hand of Lady Mary, Bruce's sister, and with a grant of the forfeited estates of the earl of Athol. Sir Colin, his son, rendered important service to Edward Bruce in his Irish campaigns, and to David, son of King Robert, in expelling the English from the kingdom. Sir Duncan, the great-grandson of Sir Colin, was accounted one of the most wealthy barons in Scotland, and was raised to the peerage by James II. in 1445. He was appointed king's justiciary by James I. with the title of Lord Campbell. His grandson Colin, first earl of Argyll (1457), acquired by marriage the extensive lordship of Lorn, and after holding successively many important public situations, such as master of the household, ambassador to the courts of England and France, royal justiciary, &c., eventually, for a long period, filled the office of chancellor of Scotland. He received in 1481 an extensive grant of lands in Knapdale, from the forfeited possessions of the Lord of the Isles. His son and successor, Archibald, second earl, fell in command of the vanguard at the disastrous battle of Flodden. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the Campbells continued to make rapid advances in territory and in power. Colin, third earl, obtained the important hereditary office of justice-general of Scotland. His son Archibald was the first person of rank and influence in Scotland who embraced the protestant religion, and was one of the most strenuous supporters of the Reformation. On his deathbed he earnestly entreated his son to maintain the protestant religion as his most precious heritage. Archibald, fifth earl, was deeply involved in the plots and wars of the troublous times of Queen Mary, and commanded the vanguard of her army at the battle of Langside. He was ultimately appointed lord-high-chancellor, an office which was also held by his successor, Colin, sixth earl. Archibald, seventh earl, gained considerable reputation as a military officer, and served with great distinction under Philip of Spain in his wars against the states of Holland. It was probably through his connection with that monarch, that he renounced the hereditary faith of his family, and joined the Romish church. In consequence of this step the government compelled him to make over the greater part of his estates to his son,
Campbell, Archibald, Lord Lorn, afterwards ninth earl and first marquis of Argyll, the celebrated Gillespic Grumach, or { {sc|Archibald the Grim}}, the leader of the covenanting party during the great civil war. He was born in 1598, and was early introduced into public life. In 1626 he was made a privy councillor, and in 1634 was appointed one of the extraordinary lords of session. When the arbitrary and impolitic measures of Charles I. and Laud had kindled a flame throughout Scotland, which ultimately destroyed the royal authority, Argyll was summoned to London to assist the king with his counsel, and earnestly recommended the entire abolition of those innovations on the worship of the Scottish church, which had roused the
