band of insurgents broke up and dispersed, and next day their unfortunate leader was taken prisoner by a party of militia while attempting to cross the Cart at Inchinnan, near Paisley. He was immediately conveyed to Edinburgh, every kind of indignity being heaped upon him during his journey. On reaching the castle he was put in irons, and informed that he was not to be brought to a new trial for his rebellion, but to be executed under his former sentence. He bore all this treatment with astonishing patience and equanimity, and though threatened with the torture by the positive orders of James himself, to compel him to reveal the names of his supporters, he resolutely declined to say anything that could compromise his friends. He professed deep penitence for his former unworthy compliance with the sinful measures of the government, and expressed his firm conviction that the good cause would ultimately triumph. His behaviour on the scaffold was remarkably composed, and even cheerful; and his farewell speech breathed the spirit of piety, resignation, and forgiveness. He was beheaded on the 30th of June, 1685, and his head fixed on the tolbooth. After the expulsion of the Stuarts, the iniquitous sentence against Argyll was treated as a nullity by the convention, and his son was at once restored to his estate and honours, and was selected from the whole body of Scottish nobles to offer the crown to William and Mary.
Campbell, John, duke of Argyll and Greenwich, born 10th October, 1678, was the son of Archibald first duke, and grandson of Archibald ninth earl of Argyll. At an early age he gave promise of his future eminence as a statesman and a soldier. In 1694. King William bestowed upon him the command of a regiment, and on the death of his father in 1703, he was made a privy councillor, captain of the Scotch horse guards, and one of the extraordinary lords of session. In 1705 he was appointed high commissioner to the Scottish parliament, and in return for his services in promoting the union between the kingdoms, he was created an English peer by the titles of Baron of Chatham, and Earl of Greenwich, and in 1710 was made a knight of the garter. He served with great distinction in Flanders, under the duke of Marlborough, and was present at the famous battles of Ramilies, Oudenarde, and Malplaquet, and at the sieges of Ostend, Lisle, Ghent, Bruges, and Tournay. He had a considerable share in defeating the French at Malplaquet, where his coat, hat, and peruke were pierced by musket balls. On the change of ministry in 1710, the duke was appointed commander-in-chief in Spain; but having been seized with a violent fever, and disappointed of supplies through the treachery and mismanagement of the government, he returned home. He denounced the conduct of the ministry in his place in the house of lords, and was in consequence deprived of all his employments. On the fatal illness of Queen Anne in 1714, the duke repaired uninvited to the council board, along with the duke of Somerset; and by his presence and prompt measures completely disconcerted the plot of Bolingbroke and his Jacobite accomplices, for the restoration of the Stuarts. On the accession of George I., the important services which the duke had rendered to the protestant succession were not overlooked, and he was made groom of the stole, and commander-in-chief of the forces in Scotland. When Mar induced the Highlanders to take up arms in 1715, Argyll, who was now esteemed, after Marlborough and Stair, the greatest British commander of his day, was despatched to Scotland for the purpose of suppressing the rebellion. The number of regular troops placed under his command was altogether inadequate; but by prompt and vigorous measures, he succeeded in raising a large body of volunteers for the protection of the country south of the Forth. After a long and ruinous delay at Perth, Mar, who was utterly incompetent for the task he had assumed, set out on his march towards the south; but his progress was arrested by Argyll, who led his forces out from Stirling, and gave battle to the Highlanders at Sheriffmuir, near Dunblane, 13th November, 1715. After a brief but sharp struggle, the left wing of both armies was defeated, and both generals in consequence claimed the victory. But all the advantages of the contest remained with Argyll. He returned triumphant to London, and at first stood high in the favour of the king; but in a few months he was deprived of all his offices in consequence, it was generally believed, of the moderation of his counsels, and the humanity he had exhibited in the hour of victory. The government soon became sensible of the blunder they had committed, in affronting a nobleman so powerful and popular, both in the Highlands and Lowlands of Scotland; and in 1719 he was appointed lord-steward of the household, and created duke of Greenwich. During the ministry of Walpole the government of Scotland was virtually intrusted to the duke and his brother, Lord Ilay. His influence as a statesman was great, both in the senate and the cabinet, and was, no doubt, increased by his vast authority as a highland chieftain. He did not hesitate to risk the favour of the court, and to incur the loss of his places, by opposing whatever measures he considered injurious to the country; and his defence of the privileges of the Scottish capital on the occasion of the Porteous mob, gave great offence to Queen Caroline, who acted as regent in the absence of George II. on the continent. He spent the last three years of his busy and useful life in retirement, and died in 1743, in the sixty-fifth year of his age, A monument, executed by Roubillac, has been erected to his memory in Westminster abbey, and Pope has paid a beautiful and well-known tribute both to his public and domestic virtues.—His brother, Archibald, earl of Ilay, who succeeded him in the dukedom, was born in 1682. He at first studied law at Utrecht, but afterwards adopted the military profession, and served for some time under the duke of Marlborough. He was one of the commissioners for treating of the Union, and, after it was completed, was chosen one of the Scotch representative peers in the first parliament of Great Britain. When the rebellion broke out in 1715, he took up arms in defence of the reigning dynasty, and was wounded at the battle of Sheriffmuir. He was appointed keeper of the privy seal in 1725, and the great seal was held by him from 1734 till his death in 1761. He was for many years intrusted with the management of Scottish affairs, and had almost unbounded influence among his countrymen. The duke was as much distinguished for his literary accomplishments as for his political talents and experience, and had collected one of the most valuable libraries in Great Britain.
* Campbell, George John Douglas, eighth duke, born in 1823, is distinguished both as a statesman and a man of letters. He succeeded his father in 1847, was appointed lord-privy-seal, January, 1853, and held the office of postmaster-general from November, 1855, till the overthrow of Lord Palmerston's administration in 1858. The duke is hereditary master of the queen's household in Scotland, and hereditary sheriff of Argyleshire. He was elected chancellor of the university of St. Andrews in 1851, and rector of the university of Glasgow in 1854. He is the author of "An Essay on the Ecclesiastical History of Scotland since the Reformation," and of several pamphlets on church questions.—J. T.
Besides the ducal house of Argyll, several branches of the clan Campbell have been elevated to the peerage. The most powerful and noted of these is the Breadalbane branch, which sprang from Sir Colin Campbell, second son of Sir Duncan of Lochawe, who was created by James II. Lord Campbell of Argyll.
Campbell, Sir John, of Glenorchy, the first earl of Breadalbane, acted a conspicuous part in public affairs at the period of the Revolution. In 1690 he was employed by the government to treat with the Jacobite chiefs, and was intrusted with the sum of twelve or fifteen thousand pounds to distribute among them, with the view of attaching them to the interest of King William. When afterwards asked to account for the money, he answered—"The Highlands are quiet, the money is spent, and that is the best way of accounting among friends." Though he had sworn allegiance to William and Mary, he took a leading part in Montgomery's plot for the restoration of James; and the Jacobite chiefs affirmed that he advised them to give in their adherence to the new government for the present, but to hold themselves in readiness to take up arms for James when he should call upon them to do so. On this charge he was for some' time committed to prison. The earl was deeply implicated in the massacre of Glencoe; and was the only one of the perpetrators of that atrocious deed who had any personal ends to serve by the extermination of the Macdonalds. He was at once cruel, treacherous, and venal; and is described by Mackay as being "grave as a Spaniard, as cunning as a fox, as wise as a serpent, and as slippery as an eel."—(Macaulay's History of England, vol. iv.)—J. T.
CAMPBELL, Alexander, D.D., the founder among the Baptists of the United States of America of a new sect, called after himself Campbellites, died at New Orleans in 1855, aged sixty-three. He edited a monthly journal named the Millennial
