committee of ways and means. From 1811 to 1814, and again from 1815 to 1818, he was a senator in congress. During the interval between these two periods, he was secretary of the treasury under President Madison. In 1818 he was appointed minister-plenipotentiary to Russia, and remained abroad for two years. The latter part of Mr. Campbell's life was spent in retirement. He died at Nashville, Tennessee, in 1848.—F. B.
CAMPBELL, Sir Ilay, president of the supreme court of Scotland, born in 1734, was the son of a writer to the signet in Edinburgh. He became a member of the bar in 1757. One of the first circumstances to bring him into notice was his employment in the famous Douglas case, and in time he acquired a very extensive practice. His merits as a counsel were, sagacity, clearness, great ingenuity in argument, and the possession of a widely extended knowledge of law. In 1783 he was appointed solicitor-general, and in the following year lord-advocate, when he was returned to parliament as member for the Glasgow burghs. The disadvantages he laboured under—of a monotonous voice and inexpressive features—were such as to prevent his ever becoming a favourite speaker in a popular assembly. He was not, however, altogether without reputation beyond the walls of the court, for he received the honour of being elected lord rector of the university of Glasgow. On the death of Sir Thomas Miller of Glenlee, Lord-advocate Campbell was appointed president of the court; and, until his resignation in 1808, he discharged the duties of the office with diligence and eminent success. He was liberal and patient, treating every one with respect and courtesy. As judge he took in general a firmer and a wider grasp of any question than his compeers; and he was one of the few lawyers of that day who were thoroughly acquainted with the principles of mercantile law—a circumstance especially fortunate for the rising commercial prosperity of Scotland. The kind encouragement he gave to the younger members of the profession was long gratefully remembered. Cockburn and Bell have borne witness to it; and the late Lord-justice-clerk Hope was wont to refer with admiration to "that great lawyer, Sir Ilay Campbell." When in 1808 the court of session was so remodelled by the legislature as to be almost a new institution, two courts of more manageable numbers being formed in place of the ancient unwieldy council of fifteen, Campbell resigned the presidency, and left the introduction of the new system to younger men. On retiring he was created a baronet. He still, however, devoted much of his time to the service of the public, as chairman of two commissions which were successively appointed for the improvement of the law of Scotland. He died in 1823, at a very advanced age. The only writings he published were one or two tracts upon law reform, and a collection of the rarer "acts of sederunt."—J. D. W.
CAMPBELL, John, an eminent historical and political writer of the last century, was born at Edinburgh in the year 1708. His mother, who was an Englishwoman, took him with her to England when he was five years old, and settled at Windsor, from which time he never saw Scotland again. He was intended for the law; but having a strong predilection for a literary career, he did not long continue his legal studies. In 1736 he published the "Military History of Prince Eugene and the Duke of Marlborough." Several other works issued anonymously from his fertile pen before the year 1742, in which appeared his "Lives of the English Admirals," the first of his writings to which he prefixed his name. In 1743 he published a curious pamphlet called "Hermippus Revived," founded upon a foreign publication of the same name. Its ostensible and apparently serious object was to prove the possibility of prolonging human life indefinitely, by the inhalation of the breath of young girls; and great learning and ingenuity are expended on the illustration of this thesis. But the writer afterwards confessed that his real purpose was to rival the celebrated Bayle, by showing that neither the serio-comic style of writing, nor recondite and curious learning, were confined to the French side of the Channel. In 1745 he began to write for the Biographia Britannica, and continued his contributions to it for several years. His articles are written in a tone of the utmost impartiality, and err, if at all, on the side of too indiscriminate eulogy. In 1754 the university of Glasgow rewarded his untiring literary industry by conferring on him the degree of LL.D. His last work of importance, published in 1774, was entitled "A Political Survey of Britain, being a series of reflections on the situation, lands, inhabitants, rivers, colonies, and commerce of this island." Though his habits were extremely sedentary, his manner of life was so regular and abstemious that his health remained good up to the latest period of his life. In March, 1765, he was appointed his majesty's agent for the province of Georgia. He died in December, 1775, at his house in Queen Square, Ormond Street, London. His style, though correct, is diffuse and unimaginative, to a degree that borders on tediousness. His literary industry brought him large profits, so that Dr. Johnson could say of him—"He is the richest author that ever grazed the common of literature."—T. A.
CAMPBELL, John, served as master's mate on board the Centurion, under Lord Anson, in his famous voyage of discovery. On his return to England he was speedily advanced, and we find him as flag-captain in the Royal George, under Sir Edward Hawke, taking a prominent part in the memorable defeat of the marquis de Conflans in 1759. He was honoured to bear to England the news of the victory. In 1782 he was appointed governor of Newfoundland, and in 1787 advanced to the rank of vice-admiral of the red. He died in 1790.—J. B.
CAMPBELL, John, an independent minister at Kingsland, and author of "Travels in South Africa," was born in Edinburgh in 1766. He took an active part in establishing the British and Foreign Bible Society, and on two different occasions, 1812-15 and 1818-21, visited the stations of the London Missionary Society in South Africa, publishing accounts of both voyages. Mr. Campbell wrote chiefly for the young. He died in 1840.
CAMPBELL, John, Lord-chancellor of England, and at one time Lord-chancellor of Ireland, was the second son of the Rev Dr. Campbell, minister of the first charge in Cupar-Fife. He was born at Springfield in 1779, and died in 1861. His eldest brother. Sir George Campbell, made a successful career in India; and during his latter years he lived in easy retirement at Edenwood, near his native town, performing independently, and with superior intelligence, the various duties of a Scottish country gentleman.—John thought at first of the Scottish church as a field of useful and honourable exertion; but finding some incongeniality between that profession and his own nature, he repaired to London and enrolled himself in 1800 at Lincoln's inn. Occupying his leisure as reporter for the Morning Chronicle, a course which also fed his then not over-copious pecuniary resources, he sedulously pursued his legal studies, and was called to the bar in 1806. There is no doubt that young Campbell had to struggle hard, and needed all the courage and perseverance belonging to him. But his clear head, full knowledge, and well-known resolution ultimately made way, and he rose gradually but surely to a large practice. His early history was one of stern and continuous battle, in which one inch was gained to-day and two on the day following. In that battle, the strongest of course overcame at last. In 1827 Campbell received his silk gown—but for the injustice of Lord Eldon, he would have had it a number of years sooner. Shortly afterwards Campbell entered on political life, and was elected in 1830 member of parliament for Stafford. He bore his part so well in the great struggle of 1830 and 1831 in the matter of the Reform Bill, that Lord Grey selected him for the important office of solicitor-general in 1832: in 1834 he had risen to the office of attorney-general. With a brief interval, during Sir Robert Peel's short tenure of office, he occupied this high office—latterly under Lord Melbourne—until 1841, when he became lord-chancellor of Ireland. Meanwhile, Campbell had changed his constituency from that of Stafford to that of Dudley, and his countrymen subsequently did him the honour to elect him a representative of the city of Edinburgh. Campbell was always listened to with interest in the house of commons. Orator, in the usual sense of the word—in the sense, for instance, in which it is applied to Lord Brougham—he certainly was not, and never aspired to be; but his speaking was clear, and his arguments always consequent and often cogent. He knew distinctly what he meant to say, and he said it plainly and precisely. After a brief tenure of the seals in Ireland he took his seat in the house of peers. On the return of the whigs to power in 1846, he became chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, and on the retirement of Lord Denman he succeeded him as lord-chief-justice. In June, 1859, he was elevated to the woolsack. Lord Campbell's reputation at the bar was that of a man of full knowledge of his subject, and who, withal, was acute and resolute as a pleader. He had the conduct of many important cases, such as the famous plea of Norton v. Lord Melbourne; the case of John Frost for high
