take a high rank in German literature, and for their exquisite morals, as well as their purity and elegance of style, will always be held in great esteem.—K. E.
CAMPEGIO or CAMPEGGI, Lorenzo, Cardinal, was born at Milan in 1474. He first followed the profession of law, but having entered the church, he rose to various positions of honour. Created cardinal in 1517, he was sent to England to induce Henry VIII. to join the confederation against the Turks. He was well received, and was created bishop of Salisbury; but failing to accomplish the object of his errand he returned to Rome. He was, however, sent back in 1527 as papal legate, to try the question concerning the king's divorce. He died at Rome in 1539. His letters have been published under the title "Epistolarum miscellanearum libri decem."—J. B.
CAMPEN, James van, a Danish architect of the seventeenth century. His principal work was the re-erection of the Hôtel de Ville at Amsterdam, which had been destroyed by fire. He also built a palace for Prince Maurice of Nassau.
CAMPEN or KAMPEN, Jan van den, a learned Dutchman, born in 1490. He taught Hebrew for some time at Louvain, the labours of Reuchlin having directed his attention to that language. In 1521 he set out on a tour through Germany, Poland, and Italy, for the purpose of perfecting himself in the oriental tongues. He died of the plague in 1538. His paraphrastic exposition of the psalms has been translated into many languages.
CAMPENON, Vincent, a French poet, born at Guadaloupe in March, 1772. He arrived in France at a time when the great revolution was on the point of breaking out, and seeing with disgust the indignities to which the royal family were exposed, was bold enough to express his feelings in a copy of verses addressed to the queen, Marie Antoinette, which appeared in an anti-revolutionary journal. The consequence was that he was obliged to fly to Switzerland, where he wrote a poem which proved to be so like Delille's Trois Regnes de la Nature, that, fearing to be set down as a plagiarist, he published some fragments only. These, however, were considered so beautiful, that on the death of Delille in 1813, the French Academy voted him worthy of succeeding to the place of one with whose genius his own was so perfectly in accord. Campenon purchased the favour of the emperor by an epithalamium on the occasion of his marriage with Maria Louisa, which did not prevent his becoming, on the restoration of the Bourbons, the king's private secretary. Besides poems and essays, he translated Robertson's History of Scotland, and contributed an essay on the life and writings of David Hume—prefixed to the History of England. He died in 1843.—J. F. C.
CAMPER, Peter, an anatomist and physician, born at Leyden on the 12th of May, 1722. His father, Florent Camper, was a clergyman, who numbered amongst his friends the celebrated Boerhaave, Gravesande, Musschenbrœck, and Moor; and in their society Camper imbibed his taste for science and the fine arts. He was instructed in drawing by Moor, and in geometry by Labordes. On entering the university of Leyden, he devoted himself to the study of medicine under Gaubius, Van Rooyen, the elder Albinus, and Trioen, under whom he soon rose to distinction. In 1748 he visited London, where he spent a year associating with Mead, Pringle, and Pitcairn, and where his taste for natural history was awakened by the cabinets of Sir Hans Sloane and Collinson, and the collections of Hill and Catesby. He successively filled the chairs of philosophy, anatomy, surgery, and medicine in the universities of Franeker, Amsterdam, and Groningen. His introductory addresses in these several departments were remarkable for their clearness, and the amount of information they evinced. He obtained prizes from many learned and scientific bodies, and was a member of most of the continental and English scientific societies. He was a fellow of the Royal Society of London, and also a foreign associate of the Academy of Sciences at Paris, being the only Dutchman except Boerhaave who had attained that honour. Camper died of pleurisy on the 7th April, 1789, in the sixty-seventh year of his age, leaving behind him the well-earned reputation of a distinguished anatomist and philosopher, and of an honest man. His works, as enumerated in the Bibliography of Agassiz, are thirty-seven in number, chiefly detached essays and papers. In his "Anatomical Demonstrations," he treats of the structure and diseases of the human arm, and of the human pelvis. He published also separate dissertations on the following subjects—on the sense of hearing in fishes; on the physical education of children; on the origin and colour of negroes; on the signs of life and death in newborn children; on infanticide, with a project for establishing a foundling hospital; on the operation of lithotomy at two different times according to Franco's method. To the different learned societies his papers were numerous. Among the noticeable points in his works is the discovery of the presence of air in the bones of birds; his demonstration that the curvature of the urethra is greater in children than in adults; his remarks on the variation of the facial angle in different nations, and his osteological investigations into lost races of animals.—E. L.
* CAMPHAUSEN, Ludolf, a Prussian statesman, born in 1803. Camphausen was already well known as a public man when he took his seat in February, 1848, in the committee of estates at Berlin. On 29th March he became president of the council of ministers; but the restlessness of the democracy on one side and the immobility of the court on another, rendered his attempts at useful legislation abortive. After two years more of political life he returned to his banking-house at Cologne.—His brother, Otto, born in 1812, is also well known in the political world for his moderate liberalism.
CAMPHUYS, Johann, was born at Haarlem in 1634; died in 1695. Camphuys was a common artizan when, at the age of twenty, he entered the service of the Dutch East India Company. Step by step he rose to the office of governor-general. This office, the highest which his countrymen in the east could aspire to, he held from 1684 till 1691, when he resigned. After this he lived near Batavia, his chief delight being in his fine flower garden.
CAMPHUYSEN, Dirk Theodore Raphael, a Dutch artist, born at Gorcum in 1586, painted under Diedric Goverts. He was most successful in small pictures of moonlight scenes decked with ruins—Rhine castles, peasant huts, and boats with figures, thinly painted, yet delicately and dexterously. Considerable doubt veils his history. He is reputed to have abandoned the fine arts for theology, at the age of eighteen, when he became a minister of the reformed church. Another account makes him occupy the position of tutor to the sons of Lord Nieuport, and afterwards the office of secretary to that nobleman. It is evident that his career is not very accurate in its drawing. "The pictures of Camphuysen," says Pilkington, "are scarce and dear." His death is said to have occurred in 1626.—W. T.
CAMPI, Baldassare and Michele, brothers, Italian botanists, lived during the first half of the seventeenth century. They were born at Lucca. They devoted themselves zealously to botanical science, and after studying the works of Dioscorides, and many of the older botanical writers, especially Arabian authors, they undertook excursions to the Alps and Pyrenees in quest of plants. Their conjoint works are treatises on balsam; on the true mithridatium; and on the cinnamon of the ancients. They were printed at Lucca, 1640-1669.—J. H. B.
CAMPI, Bernardino, an Italian painter, born at Cremona in 1522. He studied his art at Mantua, Parma, and Modena, and afterwards returned to Cremona, where he painted his enormous work in the cupola of St. Gismondi, representing an assemblage of the blessed of the Old and New Testament. His execution was wonderfully rapid; his skill in drawing the nude very great; and his composition and expression very powerful. He died about 1590.—W. T.
CAMPI, Giulio. This artist was the son of Galeazzo Campi, a respectable painter of Cremona. He studied first under his father, and afterwards in the school of Giulio Romano at Mantua. His advance was great; and with facile execution, architectural knowledge, and considerable creative talent, he went to Rome to study the antique, and the works of Raffaelle. For the glories of colour, he went to the pictures of Titian and Pordenone. He attained to no mean rank in his time, and was regarded as the founder of the school of his country. The church of St. Margaret at Cremona is crowded with his paintings. He died in 1572.—W. T.
CAMPIAN, Edmund, an English Roman catholic who suffered death in the reign of Elizabeth, was born in London in 1540. Having won distinction at Oxford, he went to Ireland in 1568, and wrote a history of that country. Suspected of popery, he had to flee into England, and thence, in 1571, into the Low Countries, where, at the jesuits' college of Douay, he openly renounced protestantism. Admitted into the order of jesuits, he lived for some time at Brune, then at Vienna, and then at
