has since been represented in Italian with equally good effect. He then brought out "Eufemio di Messina," in Rome, and "Abufar," in Vienna. The "Valet de Chambre" was produced in Paris in 1823, very successfully, and has recently been revived there with the same good fortune. Remaining for a time in Paris, he next gave "L'Auberge supposée," and "La Belle au bois dormant." "Il Sonnambulo" was produced in Milan, and "Paria" in Venice. In 1827 Carafa returned to Paris; there he produced "Sangarido," "La Violetto," in which Leborne wrote some pieces; "Masaniello;" "Jenny;" and "Le Nozze di Lammermoor," for the Italian theatre, in which Sontag personated the heroine. Still resident in Paris, he wrote the ballet of "L'Orgie," and the opera of "La Prison d'Edinbourg," and "La Grande Duchesse." There are two other Italian operas of this composer, "Aristodemo," and "Gl'Italici e gl'Indiani;" a mass, a requiem, and a stabat mater written in Paris; an overture to the opera of La Marquise de Brinvilliers; several other orchestral pieces, and many for the pianoforte. Besides his military orders, Carafa has the artistic distinction of being a member of the Institut des Beaux Arts. He holds the important appointment of principal of the conservatoire militaire, by which he has the supervision, if not the superintendence, of all the military music throughout France; and, in this capacity, his opposition to M. Sax's inventions for extending the capabilities of brass instruments, is not without beneficial influence in hindering their universal adoption, and so preventing the pernicious effect, even in regimental bands, and the still worse tendency in the orchestra, of the noisy monotony which cannot fail to result from the employment of these injudicious though ingenious innovations—G. A. M.
CARAMAN-OGLOU (Son of Caraman), the common designation of the princes of a petty dynasty which ruled over the province of Caramania. The first who bore the name was the son of an Armenian named Nur Isofi, who received from Ala-Eddyn, the first sultan of the Seljukian dynasty, the principality of Selucia, together with his sister in marriage. His grandson, Mahmood Bedr-ed-deen, who died in 1317, first established the sovereignty of the family over Caramania, after the downfall of the Seljukides. Caraman, the grandson of this prince, after maintaining a long and desperate struggle against Amurath I., his father-in-law, and his successor, Bajazet I., was taken prisoner, and put to death by one of the generals of the latter. His descendants, however, continued to exercise authority over their dominions, as vassals of the sultans, until the reign of Mohammed II., when Caramania was finally united to the Turkish empire.—J. T.
CARAMAN, Peter Paul Riquet de Bonrepos, Count de, a French general, born in 1646. He was made ensign in the guards in 1666, and by his courage and conduct, gained the various steps of promotion, till he was made lieutenant-general in 1702. He served in Flanders under Marshal Villeroy and Boufflers, and gained the grand cross of the order of St. Louis by his bravery in covering the retreat of the French army in 1705, when driven by Marlborough from the lines of Gette. Count Caraman distinguished himself in 1706 by his defence of Menin, and was present at the battles of Ramilies, Oudenarde, and Malplaquet. He died in 1730.—J. T.
CARAMAN, Victor Louis Charles de Riquet, Duke of, born in 1762. At the Revolution he left France, and entered the Russian service. He returned to his native country during the consulate, but was arrested and kept in confinement till the fall of the empire. Louis XVIII. appointed him minister at Berlin in 1814, and ambassador to Vienna in 1815. He assisted at the congresses of Aix-la-Chapelle, Troppau, Laybach, and Verona, and was raised to the rank of duke in 1828. After the revolution of 1830, he occupied himself almost exclusively with industrial questions. He died in 1839, leaving memoirs, part of which have since been published in the Journal des Debats.—His brother, Count Maurice—born in 1769; died in 1837—was an officer in the army, a member of the legislative body in 1811, and a member of the chamber of deputies from 1824 to 1828.—J. T.
CARAMUEL DE LOBKOVITCH, Juan, a Cistercian monk who combined great scholarship with a peculiar taste for mechanics, was born at Madrid in 1606 He studied at Salamanca, was successively professor at Alcala, abbot of Melrose, titulary bishop of Missi in the Low Countries, intendant of fortifications in Bohemia, bishop of Konigsgratz, and then of Vigevano in the Milanese, where he died in 1682. He wrote some works of controversial theology, and a system of divinity in Latin, 7 vols. folio.—J. B.
CARAMURU, or "Man of Fire," the name given by the savage natives of Bahia in South America to Diogo Alvarez, a Portuguese seaman of the sixteenth century. He was shipwrecked on their coast, and was saved by the savages—who murdered all his fellow-voyagers—that he might assist them in procuring spoil from the wreck. Finding a musket, he fired it off in their presence, and so impressed them that they made him their chief, gave him their daughters for wives, and persuaded him to turn his fire against their enemies. Sailing with his favourite wife in a French vessel, he arrived at the court of France, and was highly honoured. Returning to Bahia, he fortified his position, and established himself in his dominions. Father Durand, a native of Brazil, and the earliest poet of that country, has written an epic on the adventures of Caramuru.
CARASCOSA, Michael, Baron de, a military officer, born in Sicily in the latter half of the eighteenth century. He served with the troops of the Parthenopæan republic, and when Naples was retaken by the French in 1806 he received a commission in the forces raised by Joseph Bonaparte. In 1814 he commanded a division which fought with the Austrians against the French. In 1820 Caracosa, then minister of war, was appointed to suppress the military insurrection which broke out in that year; but, unable to cope with the insurgents, he placed himself at their head. His corps being dispersed by the Austrians, he took refuge in Barcelona, and subsequently, being condemned to death for contumacy, he withdrew to England.—G. M.
CARAUSIUS, emperor of Britain in the third century, was a native of Flanders, of low origin, who having done service to the Roman emperors, was appointed by Maximian to the command of a fleet at Boulogne, for clearing the seas of the Frank and Saxon pirates. Having connived at their ravages that he might enrich himself with the spoils of their vessels, he was apprised of the emperor's design to punish him with death. He sailed with his fleet, and took possession of Britain. The emperor finding the naval force of the usurper strengthened by the pirates, who had joined his standard, at length ceded to him the government of the island, which he held for seven years, till in 293 he was murdered by his chief minister.—J. B.
CARAVAGGIO, Michelangelo da, the name by which Michelangelo Amerigi is generally called; he was born at Caravaggio in the Milanese in 1569. He was originally a mason's labourer, but had sufficient ability and determination to establish himself as a portrait painter, first at Milan, and afterwards at Venice, where he painted also historical pictures. He then went to Rome, and unable through poverty to establish himself independently, he entered the service of the celebrated painter the Cavaliere D'Arpino, who employed Caravaggio to paint the accessory parts of his pictures. Eventually, however, he produced a picture of some "Cardplayers" (Il Giuoco di Carte), which, from its unusual force and truth, attracted great notice, and established the independence of the painter. Caravaggio now made rapid progress; he was employed to paint several oil pictures for the Contarelli chapel in the church of San Luigi de' Francesi, but his style was so exceedingly forcible and unusual, that the monks rejected his first picture of "St. Matthew writing the Gospel," as too vulgar for such a place and such a subject. He painted another, but the first found a willing purchaser in the Marchese Vincenzio Giustiniani. Caravaggio's masterpiece in Rome is the "Deposition from the Cross," now in the Vatican gallery; there is a mosaic of it in St. Peter's. He attained a great reputation in Rome, but his fall was as sudden as his rise; he was capricious, idle, and ostentatious, and of an exceedingly irritable and overbearing temper. He painted only a few hours a day, and used to parade about in the afternoon with his sword at his side; and on an occasion when engaged in a game at tennis, he became so violent in the dispute with his companion that he killed him on the spot. He fled to Naples, where he remained a short time; he then went to Malta, where he obtained the protection of the Grand-master Vignacourt, but here too he quarrelled with one of the knights, and was cast into prison; he, however, contrived to make his escape, and we next find him painting at Syracuse, Messina, and Palermo. From Sicily he returned to Naples, and by the intercession of some friends, having procured the pope's pardon, he determined to go back to Rome. He set out in a felucca from Naples; but being mistaken for another person by the Spanish
