publication, in honour of the "virgin queen," the Triumphs of Oriana. He appears to have graduated Mus. Bac. at Oxford.—(Rimbault's Bibliotheca Madrigaliana.)—E. F. R.
CARLETON, William, an Irish novelist, well known for his unrivalled delineations of the habits and character of his countrymen, was born at Prillisk in the county of Tyrone. His parents were of the class known as small farmers. He received his education at one of those schools which he afterwards immortalized by the well-known tale entitled the "Abduction of Mat Kavanagh." His father and mother were both persons who, if not well educated, were at least better informed than most of their class, and seem to have been possessed of mental gifts, which, in another station, and with other culture, might have rendered them remarkable. The former was gifted with a memory of such marvellous grasp, that it is said he could repeat the greater part of the bible "by heart." He was also a repertory of legendary lore, and could tell tales and sing songs from Christmas to Christmas. His mother was noted for her beautiful voice, and her powers in the wild Ossianic poetry of the Caoine. William was intended for a priest, and accordingly commenced the studies necessary to fit him for entering Maynooth. He has given to the world an interesting and humorous picture of himself at this period of his life in the story of "Denis O'Shaughnessy going to Maynooth," a character which has all the freshness and firmness of touch of a study from nature. At this critical period of his career his father died, and, with a fuller liberty, came a change of purpose. For reasons that can only be surmised, he abandoned all thoughts of the priesthood, and some years afterwards he left the Roman catholic church, and joined the church of England. Of a volatile and imaginative temperament, he was led to take the first independent step in life by the wafting of a feather. Chance threw in his way a copy of Gil Blas, which so worked upon his fancy that he determined to seek his fortune, and, full of the hopeful errantry of youth, left his native vale to battle with the world. His first effort at independence produced a very sombre result. He obtained a situation as tutor at a miserable salary in a farmer's house. Here his chivalry pined over strips of spelling, and languished over "Vosther." It rose against them at last. He resigned the ungenial occupation in disgust, and started for Dublin, where he found himself, without any definite plan in his head, and with two-and-ninepence in his pocket. Some years more elapsed, which were devoted to the uncongenial labours of a tutor; but disciplined by hardship and heavy experience, he now patiently submitted to that toil from which the sanguine youth had revolted. In Dublin he was introduced to the Rev. Cæsar Otway, at whose suggestion he wrote the "Lough Derg Pilgrim," which appeared in the Christian Examiner, and attracted general notice. This sketch was followed by "Father Butler," which evidences the same graphic touch. In 1829 appeared the first series of the "Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry," which was followed in 1832 by the second series of the same. These sketches are masterpieces of art, and stories of inimitable fun: they are fresh and forcible because the author wrote what he had seen and felt before thought and feeling had become venal. He has continued his literary career ever since, with varied success. He became a regular contributor to the Dublin University Magazine, in which many of his best stories have appeared. In attempting to depict the life of the more wealthy classes he has been less successful, as might naturally be expected. Some of his novels exhibit singular power and skill. A finer or more striking work of fiction than "The Miser" has rarely appeared. This book is further interesting as giving an accurate description of Ribbonism as it existed in Ireland some years ago. In the "Black Prophet," a tale of the famine, he has portrayed the Irish female character with matchless strength and pathos.—W. W.
CARLI, Giovanni Girolamo, an eminent philosopher and biographer, born near Siena; became professor of eloquence, first at Colle in Tuscany, then at Gubbio in the papal dominions, where he was so much respected and beloved by the inhabitants as to be frequently employed in important public affairs. Returning to Siena he accepted the secretaryship of the academy. He subsequently removed to Mantua, where he was created perpetual secretary of the academy of arts. There he wrote the greater number of his scientific and literary works. Of these many are inedited. Carli published translations of elegies from Tibullus, Propertius, and Albinovanus, and several valuable biographies. He died at Florence in 1505.—A. C. M.
CARLI, Giovanni Rinaldo, Count de, commonly called Carli-Rubbi, one of the most prolific writers of the eighteenth century, was born at Capo d'Istria in 1720, and died in 1795. Such was the precocity of his intellect, that before he had completed his twentieth year he was admitted a member of a learned academy for having, by various publications, advanced the sciences of philology, archæology, mathematics, and astronomy. To his skill in these branches of knowledge, he added a considerable mastery over the dramatic art, which he had cultivated almost from his infancy, publishing in his twelfth year a drama to which, in his old age, he often alluded with complacency. In his twenty-fourth year he was elected professor of astronomy and of nautical science by the Venetian senate, who had to thank him for the zeal with which he discharged the duties of the office. He corresponded with the most eminent savants of Italy, took part in all the leading questions, political as well as scientific, of his day, and enjoyed the double honours of philosopher and poet. Upon the death of his wife, who left him a large fortune, he resigned his chair at Venice, retired to Istria with the naturalist Donati, and occupied himself with archæological pursuits; the results of which, particularly his discovery of the amphitheatre of Pola, he gave to the world in dissertations of remarkable elegance. Having transferred a cloth manufactory left by his wife to the neighbourhood of his residence, he undertook the superintendence of the business, and lost his entire fortune. In 1771, to compensate him for this disaster, he was named by the government of Austria president of the council of finance established at Milan. His great work on Italian antiquities appeared in 1788.—A. C. M.
CARLINGFORD, Theobald Taafe, Earl of, was distinguished for the active part which he took with Lord Clanricarde in 1639 in suppressing the disturbances in Ireland, where he undertook to raise 2000 men to support the royal cause, and the lord-lieutenant granted him a commission to levy troops, with which he besieged and took several garrisons. He accompanied Ormonde into Westmeath, and was constituted general of the province of Munster in 1646. After the surrender of Cahir to Lord Inchiquin, Taafe retired with his army from Cashel, and subsequently encountered Inchiquin's forces at Knocknoness, where, notwithstanding great personal bravery, the English troops were routed. On Inchiquin's giving his allegiance to the king, he was joined by Taafe, who, though he had reason to complain of a preference shown to Lord Castlehaven, yet continued his arduous efforts in the king's cause. He was soon after made master of the ordnance. Taafe went to Paris in order to raise a loan, and succeeded in obtaining £5000 to buy arms and ammunition. In Cromwell's act of parliament for the settlement of Ireland, Taafe was excepted from pardon for life and estate, but after the Restoration he was reinstated in his property, and in June, 1662, was created Earl of Carlingford, with a grant of £4000 a year. He died in 1677.—J. F. W.
CARLISLE, Earls of. The first person who bore this title was Andrew de Hartcla, warden of the marches, a distinguished soldier in the Scottish wars. The earldom was conferred on him by Edward I., along with immense estates, for his victory over the rebel earl of Lancaster at Boroughbridge; but he was subsequently convicted of treason and executed in 1322. After the lapse of more than three centuries, the earldom of Carlisle was revived, and conferred upon a branch of the great house of Howard, descended from "Belted Will," famous in border tradition and song.—(See Lay of the Last Minstrel.)
Carlisle, Frederick, fifth earl of, born in 1748, was distinguished both as a statesman and a poet. He was appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland in 1780, and for several years took an active part in parliamentary discussions. He mixed largely in the gay world, to the serious detriment of his estate, and was the friend of Selwyn, Fox, and other leaders of fashion.—(See Hayward's George Selwyn, his Life and Times.) Lord Carlisle was the author of a number of fugitive pieces of poetry, and of two tragedies, "The Father's Revenge," and "Bellamere." But his poetical reputation has suffered serious injury from the unjust and acrimonious attack of Lord Byron in his English Bards and Scotch Reviewers, for which, however, his lordship subsequently made a beautiful atonement in the third canto of Childe Harold. Lord Carlisle died in 1826.
Carlisle, George, sixth earl of, born in 1773; died in 1 848; was employed in various diplomatic services, and was a member of Canning's government in 1827.—J. T.
