There is no satisfactory foundation for the statements that he lived for some time in Germany and in Paris, and that he was maestro di capella in Palermo.—His brother Emmanuele was also a musician.—G. A. M.
CARVALHO da Casta, Antonio, a Portuguese ecclesiastic, born in 1650; died in 1715. In spite of the discouragements arising from a deformed person and extreme poverty, he resolutely applied himself to study. Mathematics and cosmography were his favourite pursuits, the best part of his life having been spent on his great work "Corographia Portugueza."
CARVER, John, first governor of Plymouth in North America. Little is known of his early life. He joined at Leyden the congregation of separatists, who had followed Richard Clifton and John Robinson from Nottinghamshire to Amsterdam in 1608, and to Leyden in the following year. When they determined in 1617 to remove to America, Carver, along with Robert Cushman, was sent to England, to solicit from the king an assurance of religious toleration, and to negotiate with the Virginia company for a grant of land. In the same year he was despatched a second time to London on the same errand, and two or three years after, when the arrangements had been completed, including a partnership with some London merchants who were to furnish an outfit, he went to Southampton "to receive the money, and provide for the voyage." The Speedwell, having brought over from Holland a portion of the Leyden congregation, was joined at Southampton by the Mayflower, and the two vessels put to sea with about a hundred and twenty passengers. The leaky condition of the Speedwell compelled her twice to put back, and the Mayflower sailed a third time with a company of a hundred and two persons, of whom Carver was one. After a passage of nine or ten weeks, she arrived on the 11th of November, 1620, in the harbour of Cape Cod, where an instrument was signed on the same day, which has been called by President Adams, "the first example in modern times of a social compact, or system of government, instituted by voluntary agreement." On the same day Carver was chosen governor of the colony. In the following month Plymouth was selected for the site of the plantation, by an exploring party which Carver commanded. His death in the first week of the ensuing April caused great sorrow in the community.—F. B.
CARVER, Jonathan, was born at Stillwater in Connecticut in 1732, and died 31st January, 1780. He studied medicine, but afterwards entered the army, and served in the English regiments during the American war. On the restoration of peace, he travelled in America, and published an account of his travels during the years 1766, 1767, and 1768. He seems to have been in reduced circumstances during the latter period of his life, and to have accepted a mean situation in a lottery office in London. He published in 1779 a work on the culture of the tobacco plant."—J. H. B.
CARY. See Falkland.
CARY, Henry Francis, the accomplished and well-known translator of Dante, was born at Birmingham in 1772. He early displayed a taste for poetry, publishing in 1787 "An Irregular Ode to General Elliot," and in the following year a collection of "Sonnets and Odes." Having entered as a commoner of Christ's church, Oxford, he applied himself not only to the study of Latin and Greek, but to acquiring a very extensive acquaintance with the languages of modern Europe. In 1797 he was presented to the vicarage of Bromley Abbot's in Staffordshire, and then devoted himself to his task of furnishing English readers with a version of the work of the great Italian. In 1805 the Inferno appeared, accompanied with the original, and in 1814 Cary was able to issue his translation of the whole poem, which he chose to name the "Vision"—a title, he says, "more conformable to the genius of our language than that of the 'Divine Comedy.'" A second edition was called for in 1819, and in issuing it Cary acknowledges his obligation to Coleridge, to whose "prompt and strenuous exertions in recommending the book to public notice," the fame to which this translation has attained is mainly owing. A third edition was called for in 1831, but it was not till February, 1844—in the August of which year he died—that Cary found time to prepare it for the press. From 1826 to 1832 he held the office of assistant-librarian in the British museum; and for some years before his death he enjoyed an annual pension of £200 conferred by government. Of his other works, we may mention verse translations of the Birds of Aristophanes, and of the Odes of Pindar; "Lives of English Poets," in continuation of Johnson; "Lives of early French Poets;" and editions of Pope, Cowper, Milton, Thomson, and Young.—J. B.
CARY, Lott, a negro clergyman and missionary, one of the founders of the civilized African colony of Liberia, was born a slave in Virginia about 1780. At Richmond, where he joined a congregation of Baptists, he learned to read and write, studied the scriptures and many other books, and preached regularly to the blacks in the town and its neighbourhood. He was employed at a tobacco warehouse, where his services were highly valued, and where, from the presents which he received, and the profits of some little trade on his own account, he saved up money enough to buy his own liberty, and that of two of his children, at the cost of 850 dollars, or about £170. He soon rose to be the owner of a little farm near the city, received a salary of 800 dollars for his services in the warehouse, and became much esteemed as a preacher. But as soon as the American Colonization Society began active operations, he resolved to leave all, and emigrate under their auspices to Africa. He sailed from Richmond in January, 1821, and went first to Sierra Leone, where he worked as a cooper and missionary, till the Colonization Society obtained Gape Mesurado for their settlement. The next year he went thither, and soon proved himself one of the most active and useful members of the little community. In 1826 he was appointed vice-agent of the colony, and two years afterwards, when Mr. Ashman was obliged by sickness to return to America, the whole government devolved on Cary. He administered the affairs of the colony successfully till November, 1828, when he was killed, with seven others, by an accidental explosion in the magazine where they were making cartridges, against a threatened attack upon the settlement by the native tribes.—F. B.
CARY, Robert, a learned chronologer, was born at Cockington in Devonshire about 1615. He belonged to an old and famous family. Having studied at Oxford, where he won considerable distinction, and having travelled on the continent for some time, he was, on his return, presented to the rectory of Portlemouth in Devon. In 1662 he was preferred to the archdeaconry of Exeter, but he only held that dignity for two years. Returning to his rectory of Portlemouth, he lived there till his death in 1688. The book in connection with which he is remembered is named "Palæologia Chronica; a chronological account of ancient time, in three parts—didactical, apodeictical, and canonical," London, 1677.—J. B.
CARYL, John, a dramatic writer of the latter part of the seventeenth century. He was secretary to Mary, James II.'s queen, and seems to have followed the fortunes of the exiled king, who rewarded him with knighthood, and the honorary titles of Earl Caryl and Baron Dartford. He, however, returned to England, for we find him in London in the time of Queen Anne, living on terms of intimate friendship with Pope, who addressed to him the Rape of the Lock, the subject of which he is said to have suggested. Caryl wrote two plays, "The English Princess, or the Death of Richard III.," 1667; "Sir Salomon, or the Cautious Coxcomb," 1671. He also published the Psalms of David, translated from the Vulgate, 1700. The date of his death is uncertain; he was living in 1717.—J. B.
CARYL, Joseph, a nonconformist divine, author of a commentary on Job, was born in London in 1602. He took a prominent part in the public questions of the day, was appointed by parliament to attend Charles I. at Holmby house, was one of the commissioners to the Isle of Wight, and in 1650 was sent along with Dr. Owen to officiate as minister, and to attend on Cromwell in the Scottish expedition. After the passing of the act of uniformity, he collected a congregation in the neighbourhood of London bridge, where he continued to officiate till his death in 1673.—J. B.
CASA, Giovanni Della, a celebrated Italian poet, orator, and philosopher, born of noble parentage at Mugello in Tuscany in 1503; died in 1556. Having prosecuted his elementary studies at Bologna and at Florence, he was sent to Rome, where he completed his acquaintance with the classics and studied theology. In 1538 his reputation for scholastic learning drew on him the attention of Cardinal Alexander Farnese, who obtained for him a secretaryship in the apostolic chamber. The talents he displayed in that office secured him early promotion. He was sent as nuncio to Florence, and soon after intrusted with an important embassy to the court of Venice. On this latter occasion
