new profession he rose to distinction, adding official dignities to legal success. In 1821 he was major-general of the state of Tennessee, in 1823 he represented it in congress, and in 1827 he was elected its governor. He married in 1829, but after three months came a separation from his wife; and it seems to have been the annoyance caused by the public discussion of his matrimonial affairs which induced him to resign his office, and once more settle among the Indians, at the mouth of the Illinois. He set up a trading establishment, became indignant at the treatment of the Indians by the official agents of the American government, and repaired to Washington to have their grievances redressed. There he acquired notoriety; and visiting Texas, was eventually elected a member of a convention to frame a constitution for Texas as one of the members of the Mexican federation. In the disputes which arose between the Mexican president Santa Anna and the Texan colonists, Houston played a foremost part. He became commander-in-chief of the Texan army, and gained over a much superior Mexican force the battle of San Jacinto, April, 1836, at which Santa Anna was taken prisoner. He was elected first president of independent Texas; and during his second presidency in 1844 the great object of his efforts was attained, and Texas became a state of the American Union. Houston was sent as one of the senators of Texas to the American congress. He has been more than once nominated, but unsuccessfully, a candidate for the presidency in the democratic "ticket." A biography of him in one volume was published at New York in 1855.—F. E.
HOUSTON, William, an English botanist, was born about the year 1695, and died in America in 1733. He was a surgeon in the navy for some years. In 1728 he attended Boerhaave's Course of lectures at Leyden. With Van Swieten he carried on a series of experiments as to the effects produced by air entering the pleura. He became a fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1729. His botanical researches were conducted chiefly in America. He wrote a description of the contrayerva plants. Sir Joseph Banks edited in 1781 his posthumous work entitled "Reliquiæ Houstonianæ, seu Plantarum in America meridionali collectarum Icones." It contains the description of several genera and species of plants found in the neighbourhood of Venezuela. A genus Houstonia in the natural order Cinchonaceæ was named after him by Gronovius.—J. H. B.
HOUTMAN, Cornelius, was born at Alkmaar about 1560, and may be regarded as the founder of the Dutch trade with the East Indies. Called by his business affairs to Lisbon, he endeavoured to obtain all information that seemed likely to be valuable for the purpose he had even then in view. His curiosity excited the suspicion of the authorities, who cast him into prison, and also inflicted upon him a fine so far beyond his personal means of payment, that his imprisonment threatened to last for life. Houtman, contriving to communicate with the merchants of Amsterdam, offered in return for their obtaining his liberty to give them all the information he had collected. This offer was accepted, and the fine was paid. Returning to Holland, Houtman set himself busily to work; a company was formed; and four ships, with two hundred and forty-seven men on board, set sail from the Texel in April, 1595, Houtman acting as supercargo. After a long stay at Madagascar the fleet reached Bantam, where the natives at the instigation of the Portuguese made Houtman prisoner. A brisk cannonade from the ships obtained his release. This first voyage had no other result than to point out the way to other navigators who were destined to be more successful; but Houtman's second voyage was more disastrous still. He was made prisoner by the natives at Acheen in Sumatra, who retained him in captivity, and both the date and the nature of his death are unknown.—W. J. P.
HOUWALD, Christoph Ernst, Baron von, a German dramatist, was born on his paternal estate of Straupitz, Lusatia, 19th November, 1778, and died at Neuhaus, near Lübben, 28th January, 1845. Besides his dramas, among which "Das Bild," "Der Leuchtthurm," and "Fluch und Segen," enjoyed the greatest fame, he wrote tales, some books for the young, and miscellaneous essays.—K. E.
HOVEDEN, Roger de, an early English chronicler, who lived in the second half of the twelfth and opening years of the thirteenth century, is thought to have derived his name from his supposed birthplace, Hoveden (now Howden), a "vill" in Yorkshire, which belonged to the bishops of Durham. Combining, as was common in that time, the legal with the ecclesiastical profession, he is said to have been both a chaplain and a secretary of Henry II., and to have been employed by the king in visiting monasteries on the deaths of their abbots or priors to receive such portions of their revenues as accrued to the crown. This would account for the number of documents relating to the ecclesiastical history of his time which are quoted in his book. The date of his death is uncertain, but he is supposed to have survived the accession of Henry III. His "Annals" are divided into two parts. Part i., avowedly written in continuation of Bede, commences with the year 732, where Bede left off, and comes down to 1154. Part ii. includes the period between 1154 and 1202, breaking off abruptly with the third year of the reign of King John. Until he reaches his own time, Hoveden seems to have copied or condensed Simeon of Durham, Henry of Huntingdon, and Benedictus Abbas; but he is not a servile copyist, sometimes intercalating new documents and facts. In narrating the events of his own age, he is both original and diffuse. One characteristic of his history lies in its references to events in foreign countries. His "Annals" were first published by Sir Henry Savile in the Scriptores Post Bedam, 1595, with a disfigured text, the errors of which Mr. Riley has endeavoured to correct in the English translation contributed to Bohn's Antiquarian Library.—F. E.
HOW or HOWE, William, an English botanist, the first in this country to give a sketch of a flora, viz., "Phytologia Britannica," &c., was born in London in 1619, and educated at Cambridge; became captain of a troop of horse in the royal army, afterwards settled in London, and died in 1656.
HOWARD, the name of a celebrated English noble family, the head of which, the duke of Norfolk, is premier peer, and hereditary marshal of England. "All the blood of all the Howards" is derived from William Howard, chief-justice of the common pleas in the reign of Edward I., who acquired large possessions in the county of Norfolk, but of whose origin nothing certain is known. Sir Robert, fifth in descent from the chief-justice, married Margaret, elder daughter of Mowbray, duke of Norfolk, by whom a large portion of the inheritance of the great families of Mowbray and Fitzalan came to the Howards. The son of this couple was Sir John Howard, an eminent partisan of the house of York during the wars of the Roses. He was created Lord Howard about 1470, and Earl Marshal of England and Duke of Norfolk in 1483, and obtained various high offices and numerous grants of land from Richard III., of whose cause he was a steady supporter. The duke—"Jocky of Norfolk" as he was called—is prominently mentioned by Shakspeare in his tragedy of Richard III., and fell with that monarch at the battle of Bosworth, August 22, 1485. To the great discredit of the victor, who now became Henry VII., he caused the deceased duke and his son Thomas, earl of Surrey, to be attainted. But after upwards of three years' imprisonment in the Tower, the earl was restored to his titles and part of his estates. He was intrusted by Henry with various important services, and conducted the king's daughter Margaret to Edinburgh, where she married James IV. of Scotland in 1503. Ten years later, Surrey commanded the English army at the battle of Flodden, where James was defeated and slain. His son—
Howard, Thomas, third duke, born in 1473, was a distinguished naval and military commander. On the death of his brother Edward, who was killed in an action near Brest in 1513, he succeeded him as lord high-admiral of England, and completely cleared the channel of French cruisers. He fought with his father and brother at Flodden, and in consideration of their united services, the dukedom of Norfolk was restored to the father, while Thomas was created Earl of Surrey. In 1521 he was sent to Ireland as lord-lieutenant, and suppressed with great severity the rebellion of the native chiefs, while, as an old writer remarks, "he gained the love of all the civil people of that country." In 1522 he was appointed to the command of the combined fleets of Henry VIII. and the emperor Charles V. against Spain, and performed several successful exploits. In 1523 on his father's resignation, he was nominated lord high-treasurer, and conducted a powerful expedition against Scotland, and made great devastation throughout the Border counties. On the death of his father in 1524, he succeeded him in his title and estates, and soon after attended the king to France, and was appointed ambassador extraordinary to the French court, upon the occasion of the intended interview between Francis I. and the pope. Although he assisted in putting down the rebellion caused in 1537 by the suppression of the monas-
