among the nobility, and the most noble among the learned." During the reign of Elizabeth he made strenuous efforts to obtain favour at court, but without effect, though he flattered both issues, and Burleigh. On the accession of James, however, honoars and offices were heaped upon him; he was created Earl of Northampton, and was made lord privy seal and lord warden of the Cinque Torts. In 1609 he was elected high steward of Oxford, and three years later, chancellor of Cambridge. He disgraced himself by assisting in the infamous intrigue of his niece, the countess of Essex, with Carr, the favourite of James, and was strongly suspected of complicity in the murder of Overbury. He died June 15th, 1614, before this affair was investigated. He was possessed of considerable talents, but was utterly destitute of principle. He wrote "A Defensative against the Poison of supposed Prophecies;" "An Apology for the Government of Women;" and several other pieces, which are still in MS.
Howard, Thomas, eldest son of the preceding, and fourth duke of Norfolk, succeeded to the peerage when he was eighteen years of age, on the death of his grandfather, in 1554. He was a favourite courtier of Queen Elizabeth, and was nominated by her to command the English forces at the siege of Leith in 1560. When Mary Queen of Scotland took refuge in England, and in 1568 agreed to submit her case to the judgment of Elizabeth, Norfolk was one of the three commissioners appointed to conduct the investigation. Unfortunately for himself, he conceived the ambitious design of marrying the Scottish queen, and enforcing her pretensions to the throne of her native kingdom, but the intrigue was betrayed to Elizabeth, who committed the duke to prison, October, 1569. He obtained his release next year on a promise that he would not repeat the offence; but having soon after renewed his correspondence with Mary, he was once more arrested on a charge of treason, brought to trial, January 16th, 1572, and condemned to death. After a delay of some months the sentence was executed on the 2nd of June. Norfolk was greatly beloved by the people of England. He was in his thirty-fifth year at the time of his death. The title of Norfolk was forfeited in consequence of his condemnation, and was lost to the family for nearly a century. The duke's eldest son—
Howard, Philip, became earl of Arundel by virtue of his inheriting Arundel castle from his mother. He was a zealous adherent of the Romish church, and on the expected approach of the armada, was arrested on the charge of having intrigued with the enemies of the country, and condemned to death; but the sentence was not carried into execution, and he died in the Tower in 1595, after an imprisonment of ten years' duration. One of his brothers became earl of Suffolk, and lord-chamberlain to James I.; another was the ancestor of the earls of Carlisle. Lord Arundel's son—
Howard, Thomas, was deprived by his father's attainder of the honours and estates of the family, but was restored and made earl of Surrey, and ultimately earl marshal and earl of Norfolk, by James I., from a principle of gratitude. He was distinguished by his taste for the fine arts, and employed himself for many years in Italy in forming that famous collection termed the Arundel marbles. He was tall and stately in his appearance, and though he always dressed very plainly, the earl of Carlisle used to say of him—"Here comes the earl of Arundel in his plain staff and trunk and his beard in his teeth, that looks more like a nobleman than any of us." He formed a valuable collection of paintings, and was the first nobleman in England who manifested such a taste. He was illegally imprisoned by Charles I. in 1626, but nevertheless served the king on several important embassies, and was appointed to the command of the army which Charles conducted against the Scotch in 1639. Clarendon, however, says that the earl's qualifications were chiefly of a negative kind—"He did not love the Scots, he did not love the puritans, and he did not much love any body else; but he was fit to keep the state of it, and his rank was such that no man would decline the serving under him." The earl died at Padua in 1646, and was succeeded in his titles and estates by his eldest son, Henry Frederick. His second son became Viscount Stafford, and was murdered under the forms of law during the frenzy of the popish plot. Henry, earl of Arundel, was a zealous supporter of Charles I. during the great civil war, and suffered much on account of his loyalty. His eldest son, Thomas, was restored in 1664 to the title of duke of Norfolk, which had been forfeited by his ancestor in 1572.—Henry, seventh duke, abandoned the hereditary faith of his family, for which they had frequently been subjected to persecution, and became a protestant at a time when the profession of the Romish faith was a sure recommendation to the favour of the court. It is related of him that when he was required to carry the sword of state before James II. to the Roman catholic chapel, he stopped at the door, upon which the king said to him, "Your father would have gone farther." His grace immediately retorted, "And your majesty's father, who was the better man, would not have gone so far." The duke was a zealous supporter of the Revolution settlement. He died in 1701, and was succeeded by his nephew Thomas, the head of a Roman catholic branch of the family, which had suffered on behalf of James II.—Charles, tenth duke, published anecdotes of his house, which possess considerable interest. With him the religion of this great family once more became protestant. His only son, Charles, was an influential member of the liberal party, and a zealous friend of Mr. Fox, and in 1783 was one of the commissioners of the treasury under the coalition ministry. He was president of the Society of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce. At his decease in 1815, without issue, the estates and honours of the family reverted once more to a Roman catholic branch, and are now held by Henry, fifteenth duke of Norfolk.—J. T.
HOWARD, Catherine. See Catherine Howard.
HOWARD, George. See Carlisle.
HOWARD, George Edmund, born in Dublin early in the eighteenth century, was a man very remarkable in his day as a scholar and voluminous writer in law, politics, poetry, and the drama. Intended for the church, he was first a soldier, afterwards an attorney, and died in his native city in June, 1786, having made a large fortune, stated at £660,000. He was the intimate friend of Henry Brooke, with whom he corresponded, and who is said to have aided him in his dramas. His works are published in fifteen volumes. His writings never offend morality or good taste. He was also a clever architect.—J. F. W.
HOWARD, Henry, R.A., a good English portrait, historical, and fancy painter, born in London in 1769. He studied first under Philip Reinagle, and subsequently in the Royal Academy of Art. In 1791 he visited Italy, where he resided about three years, chiefly at Rome. Having exhibited many attractive works on the walls of the Royal Academy, he was elected a member in 1808, and in 1811 he succeeded Mr. Richards as secretary; and after the resignation of Mr. Phillips in 1832 he was appointed professor of painting in his place. He died at Oxford in 1847. An edition of his "Lectures on Painting, delivered at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts," was published, with a memoir by his son, Frank Howard, in 1848.—R. N. W.
HOWARD, Henry, son of Philip Howard, Esq., of Corby castle, Cumberland, was born there in July, 1757. He was educated at the establishment of the English benedictines at Douay, and subsequently studied for some time at the university of Paris. Intended for the profession of arms, he was sent to the Theresian academy at Vienna, where, being the only Englishman among the students, he attracted the notice, and received the motherly attentions, of the Empress Maria Theresa. He returned to England in 1784, but the penal laws then in full force formed an obstacle to his obtaining a commission in the regular army. On the relaxation of these laws, he served for some years in England and Ireland with the 1st York Militia. At the commencement of the present century, when the country was threatened with invasion, Mr. Howard, assisted by other gentlemen, raised the volunteer corps, known as the Cumberland Rangers, which he commanded till it was disbanded in 1814. He published a work on "Light Infantry and Rifleman Drill" in 1805, and in 1826 "Erroneous Opinions commonly entertained r especting the Catholic Religion," a work which passed through several editions. He assisted Dr. Lingard, Mr. Tytler, Sir Cuthbert Sharp, Mr. Tierney, and Miss Strickland, in the compilation of their historical works; but the work on which his fame principally rests is his elaborate "Memorials of the Howard Family," a folio volume illustrated with engravings, and printed for private circulation. Mr. Howard was sheriff of Cumberland in 1832, being the only Roman catholic who had filled that office since the repeal of the test and corporation act. He was peculiarly distinguished by courtesy and kindness, and was a liberal contributor to public charities, and to the
