translated into German, with critical notes; and a learned French physician, M. Guardin, published in 1855 an essay based on this work. The latest Spanish edition, Madrid, 1846, contains an elaborate bibliographical notice of the work.—F. M. W.
HUBER, Francis, a celebrated naturalist, born at Geneva on the 2nd July, 1750. At an early age he exhibited a decided predilection for natural history, the study of which was not interrupted, when, before reaching manhood, he became blind. An affectionate wife and a faithful servant so devotedly assisted him in his pursuits, that he was enabled to render no small service to natural science. His observations on the habits of bees, comprising a great number of new facts, were published at Paris in 1796. This book made his name famous throughout Europe. He died at Lausanne, 22nd October, 1831. The genus of plants, Huberia, was named in honour of him by M. De Candolle.
HUBER, John James, an eminent physician and anatomist, was born at Basle in 1707, and studied at Berne and Strasburg. Haller, whom he had assisted in collecting plants for his work on the botany of Switzerland, invited him to Göttingen, where he attained great reputation as a dissector, and was made extraordinary professor of anatomy in 1739. Huber, who was subsequently professor at Cassel, with the rank of court physician, councillor of state, and physician to the prince, died in 1778. His principal works are—"Commentatio de Medulla spinali, speciatim de nervis ab ea provenientibus," published in 1741; "Commentatio de vaginæ uteri structura rugosa, necnon de Hymene," 1742.
HUBER, Ludwig Ferdinand, a German writer, was born at Paris in 1764. In his second year his parents removed to Leipsic, where he received his education. In 1787 he was appointed secretary to the Saxon legation at Mayence, but resigned this office and all his prospects in order to marry the widow of his friend J. G. Forster (1794). He then devoted himself to literary pursuits, and became editor of the Allgemeine Zeitung, until in 1803 he obtained a post under the Wurtemberg government at Ulm, where he died in the following year. Besides being a fruitful contributor to the periodical literature of his day, Huber wrote original and translated French dramas, and published a series of tales and miscellaneous writings.—K. E.
HUBER, Marie, a deistical writer, was born at Geneva in 1694, and died at Lyons in 1759. She was brought up in the reformed church of her native city, and had a tendency to mysticism, which landed her in conclusions of a deistical character, although she was not a professed deist, and disowned any intention of attacking christianity. All she aimed at, she alleged, was to distinguish between the kernel and the shell—the kernel consisting in the truths and sentiments of rational religion. She did not mean to deny a divine revelation; but she held that the design and use of revelation was merely educational and temporary—to develop the natural religion of mankind, and at length to make the race independent of its aid. These views—which bear a strong resemblance to those of Lord Herbert of Cherbury—she published in 1738 in her "Lettres sur la religion essentielle à l'homme distinguée de ce qui n'en est que l'accessoire," to which she afterwards added "Recueil de diverses pièces, servant de supplément aux lettres sur la religion essentielle à l'homme," Berlin, 1754—London, 1756; in which she replied to the attacks of Rachat, Fr. de Roches, J. J. Breitinger, and other opponents. She wrote also "Le Système des Anciens et des Modernes concilié par l'exposition des sentiments differents de quelques théologiens sur l'État des âmes séparées des corps in quatorze lettres," London, 1731; "Le Monde Fol preféré au Monde Sage, in vingt-quatre promenades," Amsterdam, 1731; and "Reduction du Spectateur anglais à ce qu'il renferme de meilleur, de plus utile et de plus agréable, avec nombre d'insertions dans le texte," &c., Paris, 1753.—P. L.
HUBER, Michael, the father of Ludwig Ferdinand, a German litterateur, was born at Frontenhausen, Bavaria, in 1727, lived for many years at Paris, and died at Leipsic in 1804, where, from 1766, he had been lecturing on the French language. By his excellent translations he introduced many classical works of German literature into France, such as Gessner's works, Winckelmann's History of Art, &c.—K. E.
HUBER, Samuel, a theologian of the sixteenth century, who embraced universalistic views, was born in 1547 at Bern, and prosecuted his theological studies in the universities of Germany. He early gave indications of a contentious and obstinate spirit, and was all his life involved by it in unhappy controversies. His first settlement was as pastor at Burgdorf in his native canton, and his first controversy was with Musculus and the other ministers of Bern, on an innovation proposed by the latter in the mode of administering the Lord's supper. He next attacked Beza on the subject of the doctrine of election, and declared himself a Lutheran in that article, although he had signed the Helvetic confession. A conference of divines, brought together at Bern, 15th April, 1588, led to no result. Huber was enjoined to preserve silence, but disregarded the order, and was at last banished the canton. Repairing to Tübingen he was formally admitted into the Lutheran church, and became pastor of Derendingen, near that city. In 1592 he published a work in support of universal redemption, which procured him a chair at Wittemberg in the same year, when it was expected that he would prove a valuable champion of Lutheranism against the hated doctrines of Calvin. But his colleagues, Leyser and Hunnius, soon discovered that he held views of universal grace, which went far beyond the limits of the Formula Concordiæ; and after a second useless colloquy of theologians he was a second time banished. He was equally unfortunate with the theologians of Rostock and Tübingen; and at last withdrawing from public life, he settled down in the family of his son-in-law, near Goslar, where he died in 1624 at a very advanced age. He was neither a Calvinist nor a Lutheran; nor was he a professed universalist, in the sense of believing that all men alike in the end shall be saved. But he held views of universal grace which logically involved that consequence. His numerous writings are now forgotten.—P. L.
HUBER, Therese, a German novelist, daughter of the celebrated Chr. Gottl. Heyne, was born at Göttingen, 7th May, 1764, and after a careful education was married in 1784 to Joh. Geo. Forster.—(See Forster.) When her husband sought a last resort in France, Therese with her children was left to the care of their friend L. F. Huber, who, after Forster's death, married her in 1794. In order to support their family she was obliged to assist Huber in his literary labours, and after his death settled at Stuttgard, where she became editor of the Morgenblatt in 1819. She died at Augsburg, 15th June, 1829. Her tales, all of them written in a true womanly spirit, were edited after her death in a collective form, 6 vols. She also published Forster's Correspondence, 2 vols.—K. E.
HUBER, Ulrich, born at Dokkum in the Dutch province of Friesland in 1636, and in 1657 became professor of eloquence at Franeker. Huber is famous for his literary quarrels with the learned Perizonius and Duker, to which we owe several of his publications. These contests have now but little interest, except perhaps that with Duker, who had affirmed that the divine origin of the scriptures could be proved by reason alone, whereas Huber held the necessity of the inward witness of the Spirit in order thereto. Huber's writings on law, theology, antiquity, &c., are numerous; and Rousseau found one at least, the "De jure Civitatis" (written against Hobbes) very useful in drawing up his Contrat Social. He died in 1694.—He had a son, Zacharias—born in 1669; died in 1731—who was law professor at Franeker, and wrote a number of works on subjects belonging to his profession.—B. H. C.
* HUBER, Victor Aimé, son of Ludwig Ferdinand and Therese Huber, a distinguished German litterateur, was born at Stuttgard in 1800, and devoted himself to the study of medicine at Wurzburg and Göttingen. He then travelled extensively, and laying aside medicine entered upon a literary career. Afterwards he successively held the chairs of literary history and modern languages at Rostock, Marburg, and Berlin, from which latter place he retired in 1850 to Wernigerode. Huber particularly excels as a Spanish scholar; his "History of the Cid" and his "Sketches from Spain," 4 vols., possess the highest merit. No less praise is due to his works "On the English Universities," 1839-40, 2 vols., and "On the modern romantic Poetry of France." Lately he has become an active and conspicuous member of the conservative party in church and state, and has written several pamphlets in their interest.—K. E.
HUBERT, Matthew, a French preacher, born in 1640 at Châtillon-sur-Colmont, near Mayenne; died at Paris in 1717. He studied rhetoric under Mascaron at the college of Man, and on the termination of his career at the university, became a priest of the Oratory at Paris. He taught rhetoric with great
