success in various colleges, but his reputation was greatest as a preacher, in which capacity he was hardly less esteemed than his contemporary Bourdaloue. His sermons were published in 1752.
HUBNER, Johann, a German geographer, born at Zittau in Saxony in 1668; died at Hamburg in 1731. He studied at Leipsic, became rector of the college of Mersburg in 1694, and of the Johanneum of Hamburg in 1711. He published a great number of works relating to geography and history, chiefly in the form of question and answer.
* HÜBNER, Rudolf Julius Beno, an eminent German painter, was born in 1806 at Ols in Silesia, and studied under Schadow, whom he accompanied to Düsseldorf, and whose manner he adopted. He was associated in various works with Hildebrandt and Lessing, and he enlarged his views of art by Italian travel. In 1839 he settled in Dresden, where, in 1841, he was appointed professor in the Royal Academy. His works consist of scriptural subjects, as "Ruth and Boaz," his earliest picture; "Job and his Friends;" "Christ Teaching;" "Christ Scourged," &c.; of religious pieces of a mystic character, as "Guardian Angels;" of allegories, as the "Germania," known by Stahl's engraving; and of historical portraits, as the "Emperor Frederic III." for the city of Frankfort. He also executed an album of drawings for the ex-King Ludwig of Bavaria. Hübner is praised for the purity of his forms, for his skilful composition, and for a certain mystic depth of feeling; but his works seem to an English eye cold, elaborate, and conventional.—J. T—e.
* HUC, Evariste Regis, was born at Toulouse, 1st August, 1813. He distinguished himself at the public school of that city, and afterwards entered the establishment of the Lazarists at Paris. At twenty-six years of age (1839) he was ordained priest; and a few days later, he embarked for China from Havre-de-Grace to join the petty mission of Si-Wang. M. Huc had been engaged for some time in the arduous duties attached to his position, when, in consequence of the establishment by the pope in 1844 of an apostolic vicariat of Mongolia, he was deputed in concert with another Lazarist at Si-Wang, M. Gabet, to ascertain the extent of the new diocese. After spending six months in a Lama monastery to acquire the Thibetian language, and to initiate himself in the doctrines of Buddhism, M. Huc penetrated with his companion to the heart of Mongolia amid difficulties and dangers of every kind. Their labours, however, did not bear much fruit; for the Chinese government interposed at an early stage, and caused the adventurers to be conveyed back to China. This serious obstacle, coupled with his delicate state of health, induced M. Huc to return to France; he travelled through India, Egypt, and the Holy Land. Almost immediately after his return the missionary commenced the digestion of his Notes into the form of a book, which was published, in 2 vols., 1852, and translated into English in the following year by Mr. Hazlitt. The "Travels in Tartary, Thibet, and China," have since been rendered into other languages, the subject being peculiarly attractive from its entire novelty. The Abbé Huc published in 1857, 2 vols., 8vo, "Le Christianisme en Inde," which also met with a favourable reception, though of course less valuable than its predecessor.—(Dictionnaire des Contemporains., 1858; Huc's Travels, by Hazlitt, 1853.)—W. C. H.
HUCBALD, a learned monk of St. Amand in Flanders, and appears also in musical history under the name of Monachus Elnonensis, and who, after a life passed in the active composition of musical theories (according to the views of his time), died at an advanced age in 930. The system of the Greeks formed the groundwork of all Hucbald's elaborate writings, and he allowed only the fourth, fifth, and eighth intervals to be consonances. It has been inferred from the words, "Nos assuetè organum vocamus," in his treatise "Musica Enchiriadis," printed in Gerbert's Scriptores Eccles. de Mus., that the employment of voices singing in different parts, which he describes, must have been previously known and in use; but, as we are all aware that authors, particularly of the didactic class, choose always to speak of themselves, like crowned heads, in the plural number, and as none of the older writers from whom musical treatises have reached us made the slightest mention of the "organum," we should have been justified in rejecting such an inference of its pre-existence as utterly untenable, were not the same opinion still maintained by writers of eminence, who adduce proofs, whether real or supposed, in support of their assertion. Hucbald has the merit of being the first writer to explain the organum (i.e., singing in parts). Some historians ascribe the invention of singing in parts to St. Dunstan—born in 900; died in 988—a statement which, as it appears, was originally founded on the simple fact only of this pious dignitary having, according to the legend, zealously promoted church music; being conversant with the art of building organs and casting bells; and being represented in pictures as playing with both hands on the harp. This opinion, based upon grounds far too weak, has long been abandoned; and the treatise of Hucbald, now that we have become acquainted with it, must of itself establish the priority of his claim to that of St. Dunstan.—E. F. R.
HUDDART, Joseph, an eminent navigator and hydrographer, born in 1741, was the son of a shoemaker at Allenbv in Cumberland. His father intended him for the church, but he preferred the sea; and, after being some time engaged in the herring fishery in the firth of Forth, he constructed a sloop of his own, in which he made several voyages. Some charts of St. George's Channel which he published, attracted the attention of the East India Company, by whom he was employed as a nautical surveyor in the Indian seas He made a chart of the whole Indian coast, and took advantage of the eclipse of Jupiter's satellites to determine the exact longitude of Bombay. In 1778 he was appointed to the command of one of the company's ships, and was afterwards for his eminent services elected one of the directors. He obtained a patent for a machine for making improved cables, which was adopted in the navy, and died in affluent circumstances in 1816. He contributed some important papers to the Royal Society, of which he was a fellow.—G. BL.
HUDDE, Johannes, a Dutch mathematician and civic dignitary, was born at Amsterdam in 1640, and died there in 1704, having been successively councillor, syndic, treasurer, and burgomaster of his native city. In 1672 he superintended the inundation of the country which was made in order to repel the French invasion. His mathematical writings relate to the Cartesian geometry, the theory of equations, and the measurement of ships.—W. J. M. R.
HUDDERSFORD, William, an English naturalist and antiquary, keeper of the Ashmolean museum, Oxford, was educated at that university, and obtained there the degree of D.D. He was also principal of Trinity college. He died in 1772. Besides the Lives of Leland, Hearne, Anthony à Wood, &c., 1772, he published "Martini Listeri Historia sive Synopsis Conchyliorum et Tabulæ Anatomicæ," Oxon, 1770.
HUDDESFORD, George, a writer of verse, chiefly humorous, in the closing years of last century and opening years of this, was educated at Winchester and became a fellow of New college, Oxford. In 1790 he published "Topsy Turvy;" in 1793 "Salmagundi;" in 1800 "Les Champignons du Diable, or imperial mushrooms, a mock-heroic poem in five cantos," humorous in their style, but with a strong anti-Gallican tendency. In 1801 he published a collective edition of his poems in two volumes, and in 1804 "The Wiccamical Chaplet," a selection of original poems, by alumni of Winchester college, and including many of Huddesford's own composition.—F. E.
HUDDLESTON, John, a native of Lancashire, educated at Douay, and sent back to England as a missionary priest. In 1651 he resided with Mr. Whitgrave, at Mosely in Stafford, where he protected Charles II. after the battle of Worcester. He went back to the continent and became a benedictine, and on his return was chaplain to Queen Catherine. He was excepted by name in the proclamations against catholic priests, and administered the popish sacraments to Charles II. on his deathbed. He died soon after the Restoration. The Short and Plain way to the Faith and the Church was written with his assistance by Richard Huddlestone in 1688.—B. H. C.
HUDSON, Henry, an English navigator, fills a distinguished place in the records of maritime discovery during the early years of the seventeenth century. His name, attached to a strait, a bay, a river, and a city on the banks of the latter, is indelibly printed on the map of the New World. Nothing is known of the events of Hudson's life prior to 1607, but he had acquired the reputation of a skilful and experienced mariner. A company of London merchants employed him in that year in the command of a small vessel (carrying in all eleven men and a boy—the last Hudson's own son), to seek a passage to the Indies byway of the pole. He coasted on this occasion the eastern shores of Greenland, touched on Spitzbergen, reached nearly the eighty-second parallel of latitude, and returned to England in the autumn. In 1608, and under the same auspices, Hudson resumed
