and in 1667 went to Italy to prosecute his studies, where in Rome his brother Jacob was established as a landscape painter. When Jacob died in 1669, John went to Paris, and here made the acquaintance of the celebrated battle painter, Vander Meulen, which was of great service to him, and materially influenced Hugtenburg's future style and career. He returned to his own country in 1670, settled in the Hague, and established a reputation as an excellent battle painter. In 1708 or 1709 Prince Eugene commissioned him to paint a series of pictures of the recent victories which that prince, the prince of Orange, and the duke of Marlborough had gained over the French. Hugtenburg etched and published these battles in 1727—"Beschrijving der Veldslagen van Prins Eugenius van Savoÿe, den Prins van Oranje, en den Hertog van Marlborough." Hugtenburg also etched some of the battles of Vander Meulen. His pictures are more delicately painted than those of Vander Meulen, and more brilliantly coloured; the best are much in the style and manner of Philip Wouvverman. He died at Amsterdam in 1733.—(Van Gool. Bartsch.)—R. N. W.
HULDRICH, Jean Jacques, a Swiss protestant divine, was born at Zurich in 1683, of a noble family, many of whose members had previously earned distinction as theologians and scholars. He was educated at home, and afterwards at Bremen, whence he went to Holland. He wrote—"Historia Jeschua Nazareni, a Judæis blaspheme corrupta, ex manuscripto hactenus inedito, Hebraice et Latine, cum notis," Leyden, 1705; a very singular production, introducing in the text the wildest calumnies against the character of Jesus for the purpose of elaborately refuting them in the notes. Chaplain to the Orphan house at Zurich in 1706, he was made professor of christian morals there in 1710, to which professorship was afterwards added that of natural law. He published "Miscellanea Tigurina;" and left in MS. a commentary on Puffendorff. He died in 1731.—W. J. P.
HULIN or HULLIN, Pierre Augustin, was born at Paris in 1758 of humble parentage. He entered the regiment of Champagne in 1771, but soon left it for that of the gardes françaises, in which he rose to be a sergeant in 1780. In 1789 he distinguished himself at the taking of the Bastile, not more by his valour in the fight than by the noble manner in which he tried, though in vain, to save the life of De Launay after the surrender of the fortress. He received a medal from the municipality of Paris in acknowledgment of his heroism. Serving with distinction in the revolutionary armies, he was intrusted by Napoleon in 1802 with a secret mission to the dey of Algiers, in which he was entirely successful. In 1804 he had the misfortune to be appointed president of the military commission, whose miserable part it was to act as the mock judges of the Duc d'Enghien. He was wounded by Malet with a pistol in the singular conspiracy of 1812. Banished after the final fall of the empire, he returned to France in 1819. He lived for some time in retirement in the country; but, losing his sight, came to end his days at Paris, where he died in 1841.—W. J. P.
HULL, John, a British botanist and physician, who published a British flora in 1799. He died in 1839. Although enjoying extensive practice as a medical man in England, he found time to prosecute the science of botany, and his work on the "Elements of Botany," published in 1800, contributed not a little to promote a taste for the science in Britain.—J. H. B.
HULL, Thomas, an actor, dramatic writer, and novelist of no great reputation, is principally remembered for the part he took in founding the theatrical fund for the relief of distressed performers. He was born in 1728 in the house of his father, an apothecary in the Strand, London, and was educated at the Charter-house with a view to the church. This prospect he gave up to try his father's business, which, however, he relinquished for the life of a player. His first public appearance on the stage was at Dublin, whence he went to Bath, where he became manager for Mr. John Palmer. In 1759 he played for the first time at Covent Garden. Sixteen years later he succeeded Mr. Colman in the management of that theatre, and filled the situation with credit for a period of eight years. In 1771 he published "The History of Sir William Harrington," a novel in four volumes, and three years later "Richard Plantagenet," a legendary tale. A list of all his works in prose and verse, and of the plays he wrote and adapted, may be seen in Baker's Biographia Dramatica. He was first roused to exertion on behalf of a theatrical fund by the distressed condition to which Mrs. Hamilton, once a celebrated actress, had been reduced, and was successful in raising a fund from the self-imposed tax of sixpence in the pound out of the weekly salaries of the actors at the principal theatres. On the stage he was not preeminent. He was most successful when a young man in the character of Horatio in Hamlet. In later years he represented Brabantio, Priuli, Friar Lawrence, &c. His exactness in fulfilling his duties was remarkable, yet when manager he prided himself on his skill in making apologies to the public for the absence of other actors. The habit became inveterate, and when in the riots of 1780 his house was attacked, he apologized to the mob for sending them a cask of table-beer instead of porter in the following words:—"Ladies and gentlemen, upon my honour I have sent to Giffard's brewhouse for some porter; in the meantime I must humbly solicit your usual indulgence." He died, April 22, 1808.—R. H.
* HULLAH, John Pyke, the founder of the celebrated system of singing which bears his name, was born in London in 1812. He was twenty-one years of age when he entered himself a student of the Royal Academy of Music in October, 1833. He had previously learned the theoretical part of the science from William Horsley, Mus. Bac, Oxon., and in the academy he devoted himself more exclusively to obtain a knowledge of singing, which he studied under Crivelli. He remained, however, but a short time in this establishment, leaving it in December, 1835. In the following year he distinguished himself by the production of an operetta at the St. James' theatre, then under the management of Braham. The libretto, written by Charles Dickens, was called "The Village Coquettes." It was tolerably well received, and contained some very original melodies. In the next year (1837) he produced a comic opera entitled "The Barbers of Bassora." It was performed at Covent Garden theatre, but with indifferent success. He brought out in the following year at the same theatre an opera entitled "The Outpost." This production shared the fate of its predecessor, and from this time forward we hear no more of Mr. Hullah as an operatic composer. The musical year of 1841 opened with a prospectus of a "Singing School for Schoolmasters," under the sanction of the national education committee, and under the direction of Mr. Hullah. The system of tuition was that invented by M. Wilhem, and used extensively in France, but which had undergone various modifications so as to suit it to our English wants. Mr. Hullah had well studied the theory of the subject, and came to his task with a year's practical experience, having for that period conducted the musical exercises of the Normal school at Battersea. The singing classes were an offshoot of the "normal instruction" scheme, and have grown up amidst difficulties. St. Martin's Hall in Long Acre was built by Mr. Hullah's friends and pupils, and was opened in October, 1849. In February, 1844, he was appointed professor of vocal music in King's college, London, where he still teaches church singing to students of the theological department. In 1858, upon the death of Mr. Horsley (his old master), Mr. Hullah was appointed his successor as organist of the Charterhouse. He has recently added fresh laurels to his fame by the delivery of a course of lectures on "the history of modern music."—E. F. R.
HULLMANN, Karl Dietrich, a prolific German historical writer, was born near Mansfeld in 1765, and died at Bonn, 12th March, 1846. He was successively professor at Frankfort-on-the-Oder, Königsberg, and Bonn. Among his works we note his "History of the Cities during the Middle Ages," 4 vols.; "History of the Origin of the German Estates," 3 vols.; and "Essay on the Celto-Germanic Race."—K. E.
HULLMANDEL, Charles Joseph, lithographer, was born in London, June 15, 1789, and was the son of a German musician of some celebrity in his day. He was educated as a painter, and practised for some time on the continent; but having had his attention directed to the then recent invention of Senefelder, he, after some successful experiments, resolved to open an establishment in London for lithographic drawing and printing. At first he chiefly worked from his own designs, but he gradually became more and more absorbed in the mechanical and manipulative parts of his profession, and in attempts to improve the various processes of the art. With this view he placed himself under Faraday, in order to become fully acquainted with so much of chemistry as had a bearing on lithography. His success was deservedly great. Nearly all the processes which, during the next quarter of a century, so greatly extended the range of its
