faculty of advocates. In February, 1858, on Lord Derby's reaccession to office, he was reappointed lord-advocate, and sworn a member of the privy council. In the following July he was made lord justice-clerk in Scotland. In 1857 he was elected lord rector of the university of Aberdeen. From February to July, 1858, he represented the borough of Stamford. In 1842 he married the youngest daughter of Lord Wood.—F. E.
INGLIS, Sir Robert Harry, Bart., was born in London on the 12th of January, 1786, being the son of Sir Hugh Inglis, M.P. for Ashburton, and for many years a leading director of the East India Company. He was educated at Winchester college and Christ Church college, Oxford, and was distinguished throughout life as an elegant scholar in both classical and English literature. He might, however, have remained in the sphere of private life with no other character than that of an urbane and benevolent gentleman, had it not been for the agitation which was excited all over England by the Roman catholic emancipation question. Sir Robert was an uncompromising supporter of the protestant church of England, of her union with and influence upon the civil power in the state, and was elected in February, 1829, to supersede Sir Robert Peel in the representation of the university of Oxford in parliament. He continued to represent the university until 1853, and gave resolute opposition to many measures of reform and innovation, yet never failed to inspire respect and liking among men of all parties who were acquainted with him. He was an active promoter of many philanthropical schemes, and greatly interested himself in the proceedings of the various learned societies of which he was a fellow. He had been called to the bar in 1818 by the Society of Lincoln's inn, but did not pursue the law as a profession. He was elected recorder of Devizes, and for some years was chairman of the quarter-sessions in Bedfordshire. In early life he was private secretary to Lord Sidmouth, and in 1812 was appointed one of the commissioners for the settlement of the affairs of the Carnatic. In 1834 he was elected a trustee of the British museum. He died at his residence in Bedford Square, London, on the 5th May, 1855, without issue.—R. H.
INGRAM, Herbert, founder of the Illustrated London News, was born at Boston in the May of 1811. Having served his apprenticeship to a printer in his native town, he started in business at Nottingham as a printer, bookseller, and news-agent. Noticing in the course of his business the currency given to printed matter by the accompaniment of pictorial illustration even in its rudest forms, he projected the Illustrated London News. No. 1 of this journal, one of the most successful newspaper speculations of the century, was published on the 1st of May, 1842, and gradually rose to the position which it at present occupies. Mr. Ingram was not a man of any culture, and it was entirely to his natural shrewdness and business energy that was due the success of the Illustrated London News. Its highest circulation is said to have been reached after the funeral of the duke of Wellington, when of one number, and at the advanced price of a shilling, a quarter of a million of copies were sold. In 1856 he was elected one of the members for his native town, and continued to represent Boston until his death. In the autumn of 1860 he left England, accompanied by an artist to sketch the chief scenes in the transatlantic progress of the prince of Wales. Quitting Montreal on a trip to Chicago, he embarked on board a steamer proceeding on an excursion up Lakes Michigan and Superior. On the morning of the 18th of September the steamer came into collision with a schooner, and sank thirty-five miles from Chicago. Mr. Ingram was one of the passengers who did not succeed in effecting their preservation. His dead body was washed on shore.—F. E.
INGRAM, James, D.D., president of Trinity college, Oxford, and editor of the Saxon Chronicle, was born at East Codford in Wiltshire in the December of 1774. Educated at Westminster and Oxford, he became a fellow and tutor of Trinity college, Oxford, and was for a few years an assistant-master of Winchester. In 1803 he was appointed professor of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford on the foundation of Dr. Rawlinson, and published in 1807 an "Inaugural Lecture on the Utility of Anglo-Saxon Literature." In 1815 he was elected by convocation keeper of the archives of the university. After many years of preparation, he issued in 1823 his well-known edition of the Saxon Chronicle, the original text being accompanied by an English translation, various readings, and notes. It was the first time that the text of the Saxon Chronicle had been published in its completeness. A brief Anglo-Saxon grammar was prefixed to the work. The year after the appearance of the Saxon Chronicle, its editor became a D.D. and president of Trinity college, Oxford, to which office was annexed the rectory of Garsington, Oxfordshire. In 1834-37, appeared the "Memorials of Oxford," of which the instructive letterpress was contributed by Dr. Ingram. The work reached a new edition in 1847. Dr. Ingram died on the 4th September, 1850, bequeathing to Trinity college the principal portion of his library.—F. E.
INGRAM, Robert, an English divine, born in 1727 at Beverley in Yorkshire, was educated at Cambridge, and became successively perpetual curate of Bridhurst in Kent, vicar of Orston in Nottinghamshire, and of Wormington and Boxted in Essex. He wrote "Isaiah's Vision;" "The Seventh Plague;" "The Ten Tribes of Israel in America;" and the "Seven Vials." He died in 1804.—G. BL.
INGRASSIA or INGRASSIAS, Giovanni Felippe, an eminent physician and anatomist, was born at Palermo in 1510, and died there in 1580. He studied at Padua, and took his degree in 1537. As professor of anatomy and physic at Naples he earned a distinguished reputation, crowds of students being attracted to his lectures from all parts of Italy. In 1563 he was nominated by Philip II. of Spain first physician for Sicily. During the plague which raged at Palermo in 1575 he was indefatigable, notwithstanding his age and infirmities, in relieving the sick. In reward for his humane exertions he received from the Palermitans, with the title of the Sicilian Hippocrates, an annual pension of three thousand crowns. The discovery of the bone in the ear, called Stapes, though by some writers attributed to others, is claimed for Ingrassia by Fallopius. He left an account of the plague at Palermo, "Iatropologia, liber quo multa adversus barbaros medicos disputantur," 8vo., 1544, 1558; "De Tumoribus præter naturam," folio, 1553; "Constitutiones et Capitula, necnon juridictiones regii Proto-Medicatus officii, cum Pandectis ejusdem reformatis," 4to, 1564, 1575; "Galeni Ars medica," folio, 1573, and other valuable works.—J. S., G.
INGRES, Jean-Dominique-Auguste, one of the most eminent historical painters of France, was born at Montauban, September 15, 1781. The son of a musician, he was early trained as a violinist, and is said while still a boy to have played in public with applause. His father yielded, however, to the youth's irrepressible passion for painting, and placed him, after some preliminary instruction by local artists, in the atelier of David, then at the height of his celebrity. M . Ingres soon took foremost rank among David's pupils. In 1800 he gained the second, and in 1801 the first prize in the école des beaux-arts. This last entitles the recipient to study in the French academy at Rome; but M. Ingres did not repair thither till 1806, having in the meantime painted several pictures which obtained places in the Salon, among them being a portrait of the first consul, in 1804, who was so well satisfied with the likeness, that when emperor he gave the artist sittings in 1806 for another portrait. At Rome Ingres devoted himself avowedly to the study of the works of Raphael, and to the production of original pictures. He stayed in the art-metropolis for fourteen years, and in Florence four more. Whilst at Rome he produced many large and elaborate pictures, chiefly from Greek, Roman, and French history, the legends of the church, and events in the lives of famous artists, which secured for him a considerable reputation in Italy, but were received with comparative coldness in France. His great ability could not, however, be gainsaid; and two pictures which he painted at Florence in 1824—"Charlemagne's Entry into Paris," and a large altar-piece for the church of Montauban, "Le Vœu de Louis XIII."—effectually removed the distrust of his countrymen. He now returned to France, was, June 25, 1825, elected member of the Institute as successor of Baron Denon, appointed professor in the école des beaux-arts, and received the cross of the legion of honour. From that time he was looked on by a large class of Parisian art-critics as one of the first of French painters. By another party, however, he was pursued with constant hostile criticism. M. Ingres was, in fact, for many years the acknowledged head and representative of the academic, as M. Delacroix was of the romantic or dramatic style of painting in France. They were the chiefs of the opposite schools, between which French opinion was pretty equally divided. But the school of M. Delacroix was most in accord with the taste and tendencies of the day; and whilst idolized by the partisans of "ideal" art, M. Ingres
