sell a small patrimony which he had in Kent to supply his necessities, and the sum so obtained happily lasted as long as he lived. He died soon after at Canterbury, November 5, 1652. He was a man of uncommon erudition, as is evinced by his "Oratio inauguralis sub aditu prælectionis philologicæ publice habita apud collegium Oxonio-Merton," 4th August, 1636; "Græca et Latina Poemata," &c.—P. L.
JACOB, Jehudah Leon, a learned Spanish Jew, flourished in the seventeenth century. He left Spain for Holland, in order to carry out with the greater freedom an idea which he had long cherished. Consulting and collating the various descriptions of Solomon's temple which occur in Hebrew writings, he constructed a wooden model of that edifice, and published an elaborate description of it in French. Afterwards, enlarging his work, he translated it himself into Hebrew. The duke of Brunswick, who was a warm admirer of the book, ordered it to be translated into Latin, with illustrative engravings. Jacob then added to it a description of the Tabernacle, a treatise on the Ark and the Cherubim, and an exposition of the Psalms.—W. J. P.
JACOB, John, a British military commander, was the sixth son of the Rev. S. L. Jacob, and was born on the 11th January, 1812, at the village of Woolavington, near Bridgewater, Somersetshire, of which his father was the vicar. He was educated chiefly at home till he joined, in February, 1826, the East India Company's military college at Addiscombe-He proceeded to join the Bombay artillery in 1828, his first commission bearing date 12th January. From his youth up he showed considerable mechanical genius, and shortly after arriving in India, he amused himself by making various pieces of machinery. In 1836 he was appointed to conduct some civil engineering operations in Guzerat, but on the threatening of war in the northwest in 1839, he returned to regimental duties, and did good service in command of a company of artillery on the frontiers of Sinde and elsewhere. In January, 1842, he was appointed to act as commandant of the Sinde horse, which had been raised a few years before as a local police corps, but under their new commandant was brought into so perfect a state of discipline and equipment as to become a model light cavalry regiment; and it was never after employed in other than military duties. On 12th January, 1843, he became captain by brevet, and on 17th February and 24th March was engaged under the command of Sir C. Napier in the obstinately-contested battles of Meanee and Dubba, to the success of which the Sinde horse contributed in no slight degree; and a little later, Captain Jacob had the honour of virtually putting an end to the war by the defeat of Shere Mohammad and the relics of the Ameer's army, putting twelve thousand men to the rout with a force of only eight hundred. On our government being established in Sinde, and Sir C. Napier installed as governor. Captain Jacob was stationed with his corps at Khangurh, on the north-west frontier, to protect it from the incursions of the Murrees and other wild tribes, so that the peace of the province was almost entirely dependent on him; and he succeeded so well, not only in putting down plunder by force, but in conciliating the hearts of the people, that a large population was collected about his camp, and a flourishing town arose, which received and still retains the name of Jacobabad, and was surrounded by rich cultivation in a tract hitherto deemed a barren desert. He succeeded in infusing much of his own spirit into his men; for on many occasions, when led only by their native officers, small parties of them did not hesitate to attack and disperse robber bands greatly outnumbering them. Though entirely straightforward in his proceedings, he was by no means unskilled as a diplomatist, and several times received the thanks of the governor-general for treaties and settlements made with chiefs and princes in his neighbourhood. He obtained his company in the artillery in due course of seniority on 15th January, 1847, and was then promoted to the rank of major by brevet, and shortly after made companion of the bath in reward for his services in 1843; it being a piece of horse guards "red tape," that the services of subalterns are not to be recognized. The Sinde horse was afterwards increased to a brigade of two cavalry regiments and a rifle corps; in reference to which it may be mentioned that Major Jacob expended much time and a large sum from his own purse, in experiments for the improvement of the rifle and its bullet, which were so far successful that he was able to make good practice at a range of two thousand five hundred yards, and to explode gunpowder with his rifle percussion shells at more than a mile's distance. He was also careful to arm his men with the best weapons procurable, ordering them out expressly from England, and maintaining partly at his own cost an arsenal and workshops for their efficient repair. In April, 1856, he was appointed to act as commissioner (i. e. lieutenant-governor) of the province of Sinde, and during his tenure effected some important improvements, among others the abolition of forced labour; but in March, 1857, he was sent, during the war in Persia, to the gulf in command of the cavalry, with the rank of brigadier-general, being about the same time appointed aid-de-camp to her majesty. He, however, arrived too late to take much active part in the operations, as the war was soon after concluded; but he was left behind after the departure of General Outram, in command of the force which occupied Mohamra until the treaty of peace was ratified by both governments. In the latter part of 1857 he returned to Sinde with his health somewhat impaired, but he would never be induced to spare himself; and on the 6th December, 1858, he sunk under an attack of brain fever, caught from exposure in the zealous performance of his duties. His death was felt throughout India as a public and almost irreparable loss, and in his own neighbourhood there was perhaps never a public officer so sincerely and universally lamented. He left nothing to his relations, for the whole of his large emoluments were expended in improving and adding to the efficiency of his corps; among other things may be mentioned an immense library formed for the benefit of his officers, and which he left them as a legacy. He was never married, nor ever visited England in the course of his thirty years' service. He was the author of many pamphlets and tracts on military discipline and organization, rifle practice, and various other subjects; in some of which he had long ago pointed out the defects in the Bengal army, which became so fearfully manifest in the disastrous mutiny in 1857.—W. S. J.
JACOB de Saint-Charles, Louis, was born at Chalons-sur-Saône in 1608, and died at Paris in 1670. Becoming a carmelite, he devoted himself with great zeal to study, with especial reference to biographical and literary history. Whilst residing at Rome, in 1639, he had the misfortune to lose in the catacombs a very valuable collection of epitaphs which he had formed during his travels. He was librarian successively to the abbé de Gondi (afterwards cardinal de Retz), and to Achille De Harlay, president of the parliament of Paris. His reading, though various and extensive, was rather that of a mere bibliographer than that of a thorough scholar, and as a rule he knew more about a book's title and exterior, than about its spirit and substance. Amongst his writings were "Bibliotheca Pontificia;" a treatise on the best libraries in the world; "Bibliographia Parisina;" "Bibliographia Gallica Universalis;" and a great number of éloges in Latin.—W. J. P.
JACOBELLO del Fiore. See Fiore.
JACOBI, Friedrich Heinrich, was born at Düsseldorf on the 25th January, 1743. He was the son of a prosperous merchant, and the younger brother of the poet, Johann Georg Jacobi. From the earliest period of his life Jacobi had manifested metaphysical tendencies, and those strange and terrible problems assailed him which often trouble the dreamy brain of childhood. His father, however, had no sympathy for his metaphysical aspirations, and compelled him to pursue the studies indispensable to commercial employment. The mystical, metaphysical youth entered at sixteen a house of commerce at Frankfort. Here he strove, but in vain, to adapt himself to his occupation. After a short residence at Frankfort he went to Geneva, where he learned a little more of commerce, a little more of man, and much more of the universe. On his return to Düsseldorf he was allotted a foremost place in his father's business. In 1763 he married Betty von Clermont, a young lady of Aix-la-Chapelle, who had every gift of mind, of person, and of fortune. Rousseau seems to have been the first author that kindled Jacobi's enthusiasm, to whose sentimental ideas his own sentimental disposition corresponded, and Rousseauan influence was the deepest on the mould of his thinkings. His introduction to Wieland, to Lessing, to Göthe, to Hamann, to Lavater, and others, modified, though it could not quench the Rousseauan inspiration. Düsseldorf as the capital of the ancient duchy of Berg went through many vicissitudes, finally passing on the overthrow of Napoleon into the hands of Prussia. These vicissitudes were not without their effect on Jacobi's career. Appointed councillor of finances for the duchies of Berg and of
