one of the painters of the old church of the Madonna di Mezzaratta, which, says Lanzi, was to the school of Bologna what the Campo Santo was to the school of Pisa. Jacopo is sometimes said to be of Verona, but he appears to have been of the noble family of the Avanzi of Bologna, and a pupil of Vitale da Bologna. He was engaged with Galasso of Ferrara, and Christofano of Bologna, in the wall paintings of the Madonna di Mezzaratta; and with Altichiero da Zevio, in the chapel of San Felice, in the church of Saint Antonio at Padua. The last, painted in 1376, and considered Jacopo's best works, were long attributed to Giotto. He was also engaged on the wall-paintings of the Cappella di San Giorgio at Padua about 1378. He executed also some works at Verona, which are said to have commanded the admiration of Andrea Mantegna; and those by him at Bologna have the reputation of having been admired by Michelangelo and the Carracci. A "Crucifixion," and a "Madonna crowned by her Son," in the gallery of Bologna, both signed Jacobus Pauli F., are attributed by Giordani to this painter; a conclusion opposed by Dr. E. Förster, as an injustice to this old wall-painter, one of the great art pioneers of his century.—R. N. W.
JACOPO TEDESCO, or Maestro Jacopo, a celebrated architect of the thirteenth century, the master—or the father, according to Vasari—of Arnolfo di Lapo; Lapo being a kind of Florentine nickname for Jacopo. He was settled in Florence early in the thirteenth century, and built the Ponte Nuovo or Ponte alia Carraia, several churches in Florence, Arezzo, and other places; including the two famous Gothic churches of San Francesco at Assisi—the upper and lower together—which were completed, says Vasari, in the short space of four years, about 1230; the lower church being expressly for the tomb of the saint. Jacopo died at Florence about 1262. As there are no authentic documents concerning Jacopo which throw light either upon his history or his works, Vasari's account of him is considered rather fabulous by late Italian writers. Their self-love is somewhat wounded at the circumstance of a German having been the architectural pioneer in Tuscany; and they assume that Maestro Jacopo must have been an Italian. Vasari's accounts, however, of this nature, the more they have been investigated, have been all the more corroborated.—R. N. W.
JACOPONE da Todi (properly called Jacopo), Franciscan and poet, of the noble family of the Benedetti, beatified in the Roman calendar; born at Todi in Umbria in the thirteenth century; died at Collazzone, 25th December, 1306. In his days of worldly ambition he practised law at Rome and attained the degree of doctor; but on the death of his virtuous wife he abandoned his profession, and in 1278 enrolled himself in the third order of S. Francis. He now exercised great austerities, and, with a special eye to the cultivation of humility, even simulated mental incapacity, thereby earning the contempt of his brethren and the derisive nickname of Jacopone. At a subsequent period, when Pope Boniface VIII., incensed against two cardinals of the Colonna family, waged war with their house, Jacopone, indignant at the damage accruing to holy church, rebuked the pontiff in verses which cost their author bonds and imprisonment. His liberation in 1303 ensued on the brief arrest of Boniface by the emissaries of France; a reversal of their positions which he is said to have predicted to the pope himself. Three years later he died at Collazzone, girt with the cord of S. Francis, and his remains were transferred to Todi. Fra Jacopone has left various poems in Italian, which evince a spirit of self-forsaking humility, and a paramount love of our Saviour. The well-known "Stabat mater dolorosa" has been reckoned amongst the number of his Latin devotional compositions. His "Cantici Spirituali" have passed through various editions; and, in 1819, Cavalier A. Mortara published at Lucca a small supplementary volume of "Poesie," till then inedited, and rich in poetic beauty. Perhaps the charge brought against Jacopone of employing an unpolished style and provincial barbarisms is best met by stating that the Accademia della Crusca has ranked him amongst those authors whose works form standards of the language.—C. G. R.
JACOTIN, Pierre, a French officer of engineers, born in 1765; died in 1827; earned distinction by many topographical works, and principally by the map of Egypt, which, after several years of laborious service as commander of the corps of geographical engineers attached to Bonaparte's expedition, he completed in 1807.
JACOTOT, Joseph, an educational reformer was born at Dijon of humble parentage in 1770. Under the empire he became sub-director of the polytechnic school, and was also a member of the chamber during the Hundred days. At the restoration of the Bourbons he sought an asylum in Belgium, whence he returned in 1830, and died at Paris in 1840. He was a voluminous writer, and his educational method was successfully adopted in many public schools.—W. J. P.
JACQUARD, Joseph Marie, the inventor of the now well-known jacquard loom for figured weaving, was born at Lyons on the 7th of July, 1752, and died at Oullins, near Lyons, on the 7th of August, 1834. His parents were weavers, and possessed a small estate. He taught himself to read and write, and engaged successively in the trades of bookbinder, typefounder, and cutler. On the death of his father he sold his patrimony, and engaged in the weaving business, in which he failed, and was saved from destitution in a great measure by the industry and good advice and example of an excellent wife, who made straw hats at Lyons, while Jacquard was employed as a linemaker at Bresse. Having joined the moderate party, he enrolled himself and his only son, a lad of fifteen, amongst the defenders of Lyons during its siege by the army of the convention in 1793; they both escaped from the massacre which followed the capitulation of that city, and joined the army of the Rhine. The son was killed in battle; and Jacquard, after the close of the Reign of Terror, returned to Lyons, and again turned his attention to weaving. The first idea of his great invention, the loom for figured weaving, had occurred to him in 1790, and he had from time to time laboured to realize it in practice. In this he succeeded in the year 1801, when he produced a loom which gained a prize at the national exposition, and for which he obtained a patent for ten years. His ingenuity and mechanical skill having been remarked by Carnot, and brought under the notice of Napoleon I., he was for a time employed to repair and arrange the models in the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers. In 1804 he gained a prize for a machine for making nets, and established a manufactory for figured weaving at Lyons, where he met with much opposition from workmen and manufacturers. By a decree dated at Berlin, the 27th of October, 1806, Napoleon I. conferred a pension on Jacquard, and by a subsequent decree granted him a premium of fifty francs for each of his looms which should be erected; and from that premium he realized a considerable income during the remainder of his life. He received the cross of the legion of honour in 1819, and in 1840 a statue was erected to his memory in his native city. Since his time the improvements in self-acting looms for figured weaving have been numerous, and, with very few exceptions, have been based upon the invention of Jacquard.—W. J. M. R.
JACQUELINE of Bavaria, Countess of Hainault, of Holland, and of Zealand, born in 1401; died in 1436; was the only daughter and heiress of William IV. of Bavaria. At an early age she was married to Jean, second son of Charles VI. of France, but his death left her free at the age of sixteen to espouse John, duke of Brabant. John was of feeble character, and Jacqueline quitted him and repaired to England, where Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, brother of Henry V., captivated by her charms, induced her to annul her former union and become his bride. Gloucester now claimed Jacqueline's inheritance, and landing at Calais, entered Hainault at the head of five thousand men and took possession. He returned to England, leaving the duchess at Mons, where she was captured and sent prisoner to Ghent. She escaped, fled to Holland, and entered into a war with the duke of Burgundy, who supported John. In this war she was unfortunate, and was compelled to make a treaty, leaving her estates to the duke. Gloucester proved unfaithful, and she entered into a new union with Borcelen, governor of Zealand. Borcelen was arrested, and to procure his release the unhappy Jacqueline was compelled to resign her heritage, reserving only a pension. She had no children, and died at the age of thirty-five.—P. E. D.
JACQUELOT, Isaac. See Jaquelot.
JACQUEMONT, Victor, a distinguished French traveller and naturalist, was born at Paris in 1801. In 1826 he sailed to New York, to console himself for an unhappy passion by change of scene. Residing some months in the United States, he next visited his brother Frederic, who was then French consul at Hayti. He now received a proposition from the managers of the jardin des plantes to travel as their scientific
