rupture with England, as the most effectual means of keeping the king firm to the Romish cause, and induced him not only to reject the offers and advice of his uncle, but to break his engagement to meet Henry at York in the autumn of 1541. The proud temper of the English monarch fired at the insult; all attempts at a reconciliation failed, and war broke out between the two countries in July, 1542. The duke of Norfolk invaded Scotland at the head of a powerful army. James mustered the array of his kingdom to repel the invasion; but the discontented barons obstinately refused to cross the border in pursuit of the retreating enemy, and the king disbanded his mutinous troops, and returned to the capital overwhelmed with shame and indignation. Another army was shortly after assembled by the clergy and a few of the nobles who remained faithful to the royal cause, and a new expedition into England was undertaken. But the troops mutinied at Solway Moss, fell into hopeless confusion and were defeated, and most of them taken prisoners by a few hundreds of English borderers, almost without an attempt at resistance. The tidings of this shameful discomfiture completely overwhelmed the' king, whose mind was already overstrained by previous disappointments and anxieties. He sunk into a state of the deepest despondency, and was attacked by a slow fever, which no skill could remove. When in this sad condition the news arrived that his queen, whose two sons had shortly before died, had given birth to a daughter. "It came with a lass, and it will go with a lass," was the melancholy remark of the heart-broken monarch, presaging the extinction of his house; and turning his back to the wall he shortly after expired, in the thirty-first year of his age. James was undoubtedly one of the ablest sovereigns of his time. He had a handsome and expressive countenance, a graceful and robust form, and was distinguished by his skill in athletic exercises. His mind was naturally active and vigorous; he was prudent, sagacious, and brave, even to rashness; frank and affable in his manners; and impartial in the administration of justice. He cultivated the art of poetry with great success, was a skilful architect, and possessed a profound knowledge of the laws and institutions of his kingdom. On the other hand it must be admitted, that his character was stained by his violent passions and implacable resentment, and by his parsimony and propensity to indulge in low amours—the result, in part at least, of the vicious training of which he was in some degree the victim. He left one legitimate child, the unfortunate Queen Mary; and six natural children, one of whom was the celebrated Regent Moray.—J. T.
James VI. of Scotland. See James I. of England.
JAMES, son of James II. of England by Mary of Modena, is commonly called in the history of the period, the Chevalier de St. George or the First Pretender. He was born in 1688, long after the marriage of his parents, and at a critical period of his father's fortunes, when the appearance of an heir in the house of Stewart was likely to give new energy to its supporters. These circumstances and the unusual privacy of the queen's accouchement, lent weight to the report that he was a supposititious child; but there is now no doubt of his legitimacy. Educated in France under the eye of the exiled monarch, he became an adherent of the Roman catholic religion, and learned to cherish the hope that he might one day recover the royal heritage of his family. Louis XIV. was not unwilling to renew the invasion of Britain. James II. on his deathbed received from him a promise that he would befriend the young prince, and assist him to regain the sovereignty, which in his hands might be made subservient to the interests of France. But no favourable opportunity presented itself, till the success of the French arms under the duke of Berwick in Spain, and the wide-spread dissatisfaction awakened in Scotland by the act of union incorporating that country with England, seemed to warrant the expectation of a prosperous issue. Colonel Hooke had been missioned to Scotland in 1707, to examine the state of public feeling there, and guide it in the desired direction. His reports were encouraging: the jacobites were ready to rise, the highland clans would take the field in force, and the presbyterians also might be counted on to join an enterprise which was proclaimed to be the cause of Scottish independence. Influenced by these representations, Louis resolved to make the attempt. Troops were collected at Dunkirk; Admiral Forbin, with thirty vessels of war under his command, was commissioned to transport them across the channel; and the chevalier proceeded to the rendezvous to place himself at the head of the enterprise. Getting the start of Admiral Byng, who had been sent with a squadron of forty sail of the line to intercept them, they reached the Scottish coast, and were waiting in the mouth of the Frith of Forth a favourable opportunity of disembarking, when the English fleet overtook them. Forbin declined an engagement, and escaped northward with the loss of a single vessel. But there were no signs of welcome and co-operation on the part of the Scottish people; and the French admiral, resisting the entreaties of the prince to be landed, returned with him to Dunkirk.
At the peace of Utrecht, James was compelled to leave St. Germains. He found an asylum in the territories of the duke of Lorraine, and at the death of Queen Anne issued a manifesto asserting his right to the throne, and declaring that he had abstained from disturbing the later years of her reign, because he had been fully persuaded of her good intentions towards him. The accession of the house of Hanover, however, cast him back into the conviction that his lost inheritance could only be recovered by force, and the rebellion of 1715 in Scotland found him ready to second the efforts of his partisans in that country. The Earl of Mar, resenting his dismissal from office by George I., had raised the standard of the Stewarts in the highlands; while the jacobites of the border counties took up arms under Lord Kenmure, and marched southwards to join the English insurgents under Forster and Derwentwater. The hope of aid from France, however, was destroyed by the death of Louis XIV.; the attempt to seize Edinburgh castle proved unsuccessful; Inverness was retaken for King George by Simon Fraser, afterwards Lord Lovat; and the Hanoverian cause triumphed in Lancashire under General Carpenter. Meanwhile, Mar occupied Perth and advanced to Auchterarder; but the battle of Sheriffmuir forced him to retrace his steps, and when the chevalier crossed from Dunkirk and joined his partisans at Perth, he found them disheartened by the manifest hopelessness of the enterprise. His appearance amongst them was not calculated to reanimate their courage; enfeebled by dissipation and sickness, with no vivacity in his countenance and no energy in his movements, he seemed to them wholly incapable of sustaining the responsibilities of a commander and the honours of a sovereign. A council of war was held: it issued in a resolution to evacuate Perth. Retiring through Dundee and losing strength by frequent desertions on the march, the dispirited army reached Montrose, and there James privately embarked with the earl of Mar and a few attendants, to carry back his disappointed hopes to the continent. A few years later he visited Madrid, and Cardinal Alberoni, the Spanish minister, fitted out an expedition of ten war vessels and six thousand troops for another attempt on Scotland. But a storm off Finisterre dispersed the squadron; and the few who reached the Scottish coast speedily returned with the tidings of another failure.
The chevalier subsequently settled in Italy, and he married the Polish princess, Clementina Sobieski, by whom he had two sons, who survived him. He died in 1758, having experienced one other revival and overthrow of his long-cherished hopes in the events of 1745. But the details of that final effort of the jacobites in Scotland belong to the life of his elder son, Charles Edward. The younger, Henry Benedict, entered the Church of Rome, and rose to the rank of cardinal; his death in 1807 ended the direct male line of the Stewarts.—W. B.
JAMES de Vitry, a cardinal and historian, supposed to have been born at Vitry, near Paris. About 1207 he went into the diocese of Liege, whither he was attracted by the fame of a nun named Marie D'Oignies, who was supposed to be supernaturally endowed. She died in 1213, and James wrote her life in three books. He then preached a crusade against the Albigenses, after which he was chosen bishop of Ptolemais in Syria, where he exhibited his warlike propensities. In 1225 he left Syria; and after visiting Rome and Oignies, he obtained a cardinal's hat of Gregory IX. in 1229. He was subsequently papal legate in Brabant, France, &c. He was elected patriarch of Jerusalem, but died before he entered upon his dignity, in 1240, at Rome. He wrote sermons, letters, and a "History of the East and West." This last is a valuable work.—B. H. C.
JAMES de Voragine, born at Viraggio in the province of Genoa in 1230. He joined the dominicans, and in 1292 was made archbishop of Genoa, where he died in 1298. He is said to have been the first to translate the scriptures into Italian; but the work, if it exists, has never been printed. His "Historia
