for the Use of Families," "Morning and Evening Exercises for the Closet," &c., have been circulated in vast numbers both in this country and in America. Like his sermons they not only display great learning and profound and original thought, but are earnest, elegant, and highly practical, and are characterized by a neat, concise, and pithy diction, with great fertility and aptness of illustration.—J. T.
JAYADEVA, author of the "Gitagovinda." Sir William Jones says, "that the inhabitants of a town in Burdwan insist that the finest lyric poet of India was their countryman, and celebrate in honour of him an annual jubilee. By others his birthplace is said to be in Calinga. There is equal uncertainty about the period in which he lived." The author just quoted, who published an expurgated English version of the "Gitagovinda," simply says, "it is said" he flourished before Calidasa. By Professor Wilson he is placed much later, and assigned to the fifteenth century of Dureca, and a legend states that his poems were sung in the court of Vikrama. But Lassen, in the preface to his Gitagovinda Jayadevæ, poetæ Indici, Drama lyricum, Bonn, 1837, expresses the opinion that he lived in the twelfth century. Lassen's is the best edition of the text, and has a Latin version and notes of great merit. Jayadeva is represented by his countrymen to have composed the "Gitagovinda" by divine direction; and it is thus described by Sir W. Jones—"The loves of Crishna and Radha, or the reciprocal attraction between the divine goodness and the human soul are the subject of a little pastoral drama entitled Gitagovinda." Whether it be an allegorical poem with a spiritual meaning, or a literal exhibition of the supposed sensual character and pleasures of the gods, is disputed even by European scholars. The poem consists of several parts. For a legendary account of Jayadeva, see Asiat. Researches, vol. xvi. pp. 50-52. It may be added that the "Gitagovinda" is partly in rhyme.—B. H. C.
JAZET, Jean-Pierre-Marie, a popular French engraver, was born at Paris, July 31, 1788, and was a pupil of his uncle Dubucourt, a well-known engraver in aquatint. Jazet for the first time applied this method to historical and figure pieces; and copying the works of Horace Vernet, &c., he obtained a remarkable success, especially in rendering the great events of the consulate and the empire. Later he considerably modified his manner, but retained his popularity whilst engraving the pictures of Coignet, Grenier, Biard, &c. M. Jazet received the cross of the legion of honour in 1846.—His second son, Alexandre Jazet, is also an engraver of merit.—J. T—e.
JEACOCKE, Caleb, a literary baker, and a famous debater at the Robin Hood Speaking Society, Butcher Row, Temple Bar, where it is said that his oratory often eclipsed that of Edmund Burke, and other men of future celebrity by whom the society was frequented in early life. He was the author of a "Vindication of the Apostle Paul against the charges of hypocrisy and insincerity brought by Bolingbroke, Middleton, and others," London, 1765, 8vo. He carried on his business in the High Street, St. Giles', and died much respected in 1786.—G. BL.
JEANES, Henry, a native of Albersey, Somersetshire, educated at Oxford, and afterwards rector of Beercrocombe and Capland. He was inclined to favour the presbyterians, but died in 1662, before proceedings could be taken to impugn his fidelity to the church. He left a treatise on "Abstinence from Evil;" another on "Original Righteousness;" and various tracts against Taylor, Hammond, and Goodwin.—P. E. D.
JEANNET: a name given indiscriminately to the works of three distinct painters—father, son, and grandson. The oldest Jehannet Clouet was a Fleming living in Brussels in 1475, but shortly after that date was settled in Tours in France. From the old fashion of speaking of men by their christian names only, this painter became Maître Jehannet or Jannet (John), and this name passed from father to son and grandson, though the last was not John, but François Clouet.
Jehannet or Jehan Clouet, the son, born about 1485 and deceased about 1545, was in 1523 painter to Francis I., and this is the veritable Jeannet. The majority of the portraits known under this name belong to this painter, not to his son François, who nevertheless has hitherto had the credit of painting nearly all the French portraits of the sixteenth century. Jeannet's salary was two hundred and forty francs a year. He did not inscribe his name on his pictures, and accordingly several of his best works are attributed to Holbein and Mabuse; as the equestrian portrait of Francis I. in the gallery at Florence, and of which there are several repetitions, given to Holbein; and the half length portrait of the same king, dressed in grey satin, at Versailles, attributed to Mabuse.
François Clouet, who lived about 1510-1574, also known from his father as Maistre Jehannet, succeeded his father as painter to the king about 1545, and the works of the son have been so confounded with those of the father that the very existence of the latter has been overlooked, though a much better painter than the son. François was also painter to Henry II. In 1547 he painted a portrait of Francis II. as a little boy, which is inscribed Françoi Dauphin; it is now in the Antwerp gallery, and is also ascribed to Holbein. There are several portraits of Henry II. and Catherine de' Medici by François Clouet. He executed many portraits for the cabinet doré of Catherine at the Luxembourg, which are now dispersed. The picture of this queen and her family, at Castle Howard, is most probably by this painter.—(Le Comte de Laborde, La Renaissance des arts à la cour de France, 1850.)—R. N. W.
JEANNIN, Pierre, commonly known as President Jeannin, was born at Autun in 1540, the son of an alderman who exercised the trade of a tanner. After studying law under Cujas, he was admitted an advocate in 1569, and so highly distinguished himself by his pleadings that in 1571 the states of Burgundy appointed him agent for the affairs of the province. He was afterwards appointed counsellor, and finally president of the provincial parliament. In 1572 he exerted all his power to resist the order for perpetrating at Dijon the horrid massacre of the protestants on St. Bartholomew's day; and at a council which was held by the lieutenant-general of the province, he strongly advised that letters patent should be required from the king before proceeding to the execution of such a cruel mandate. This advice was followed, and not two days had elapsed when a courier arrived with orders to countermand the massacre. This conduct on the part of Jeannin was the more meritorious, inasmuch as his zeal for the catholic religion was well known, and even induced him for some time to take part with the leaguers. He soon discovered, however, when intrusted by that party with a mission to Madrid, that their zeal for religion was merely a pretext, and that Philip II. was actuated only by ambition. He then renounced their designs, and exhibited so much moderation, that after the battle of Fontaine-Française had given the final blow to the league, Henry IV. appointed him perpetual president of the parliament of Burgundy, on the understanding that he should delegate the duties of the office, and devote himself solely to attendance in the royal council. From that time Jeannin was one of Henry's principal advisers, and shared his confidence, and even his friendship, with Sully. The latter was to some extent jealous of Jeannin, and exerted his influence to keep him at a distance from the court by employing him to negotiate between the Dutch and the Spanish governments. Jeannin was considered to be even superior to Sully himself in conducting foreign negotiations, and after three missions to Holland in 1607, 1608, and 1609, he succeeded in arranging a treaty which was honourable to France as the mediator, and obtained for his royal master the thanks of both parties. After the death of Henry and the retirement of Sully, Marie de Medicis, the queen-mother, confided to Jeannin the greatest affairs of the kingdom and the administration of the finances. He died in 1622 at the age of eighty-two, and the fact that he left but a small fortune to his family is the best proof of his integrity. It is stated that when once asked by a prince, who wished to disconcert him, whose son he was, he answered, "The son of my virtues." His "Negotiations" were published in 1656, and again in 1659 and 1695. An edition appeared at Paris in 1819, in 3 vols. 8vo, with portrait. They are considered a model for diplomatists, and were much studied by Cardinal Richelieu in his retreat at Avignon.—G. BL.
JEAURAT, Edmé Sébastien, a French astronomer and mathematician, was born in Paris on the 14th of September, 1724, and died there on the 7th of March, 1803. He was at first educated as an engineer, and afterwards received the appointment of professor of mathematics at the école militaire of Paris. He founded an observatory in connection with that establishment, in which he made a large series of valuable observations. In 1796 he became a member of the Institute. He was the author of several memoirs on astronomical and mathematical subjects, and especially on the computation of the places of planets, and on the theory and construction of achromatic telescopes, which
