courtesan, and then caused it to be publicly burned, along with some indulgences, at the common pillory. When he heard of Huss's treacherous imprisonment at Constance, he hastened to join him, but his devoted fellow-confessor had become a martyr before he arrived. The same tragical glory was prepared for himself. He found his life in danger at Constance, and set out again for Prague; but he was seized on his way by the duke of Bavaria, and was carried back in chains. At first his firmness forsook him, and on the 23rd September, 1415, he consented to make a public recantation of his teachings, and to submit himself to the church. But this submission did not avail him, the monks of Prague believed him a Wyckliffite still, and renewed their accusations. The Cardinal D'Ailly attempted to suppress the new prosecution, but Chancellor Gerson declared in favour of proceeding with it, and the issue was a sentence of condemnation pronounced by the council of Constance, which was still sitting, on the 30th May, 1416. The reformer had by this time recovered his constancy—he was himself again; he heard his doom pronounced with the utmost composure, and died in the fire with a heroism worthy of the friend and fellow-worker of Huss, to whom he bare witness with his latest breath.—P. L.
JEROME de Santa Fé (De Sancta Fide), a Spanish Jew, whose name was R. Joshua Halorki. He was born at the close of the fourteenth century; but the year and place of his birth are not known. After examining the prophecies relating to the Messiah, he became a convert to christianity, was baptized, and assumed another name, that of Jerome. He afterwards became physician to Peter de Luna, who was elected pope by the cardinals at Avignon and was known as Benedict XIII. In 1412 a public disputation was held in Spain at Tortosa between certain learned Christians and the most celebrated Jews of Arragon and Catalonia, on the character of the Messiah, and the evidence that Jesus was the promised Messiah of the Old Testament; at which Jerome is said to have displayed great ability. The Avignon pope presided. In 1413 he presented to the same dignitary a treatise written to confute the erroneous opinions of the Jews, and another against the Talmud. These works are said to have so influenced the Jews, that it is said their perusal made five thousand abjure their religion and become christians. The treatise against the Talmud was printed at Zurich in 1532, with the title "De Judaicis erroribus ex Talmud," and reprinted at Hamburg without a date. The other appeared at Frankfort, without date or name of place, "De refellendis Judæorum erroribus." Both together were afterwards published at Frankfort in 1602, with the title, "Hebræiomastix, vindex impietatis et perfidiæ Judaicæ, quo detegautur ac firmissimis argumentis refutantur enormes et nefarii Judæorum eorumque Talmud errores atque superstitiones." By way of appendix is put Nicholas de Lyra's quæstio, about proving the advent of Christ by the scriptures received by the Jews. Both are in the twenty-sixth volume of the Bibliotheca patrum. The time of his death is unknown. Some of his productions are mentioned as existing in MS.; for example, an epistle to Salomon Hallevi, who had embraced the christian religion at Avignon. Two Jewish writers appeared against Halorki, R. Isaac Nathan and Vidal Ben Levi; but neither of their treatises is extant.—(Comp. Wolffi Bibliotheca Hebræa, vol. i. p. 463.)—S. D.
JEROME. See Bonaparte.
JERROLD, Douglas William. There are few more striking examples of the erroneous conceptions which spring up in the public mind respecting the private characters of eminent literary men, than that offered by the subject of the present memoir. He was a man regarded as a cynic and a scoffer by those who did not enjoy opportunities of studying him; yet of all God's nobler creatures there have been few who possessed wider human sympathies, a more sensitive disposition, or a warmer and tenderer heart. The intellect of Jerrold was certainly of a very peculiar and original type; he was emphatically a man of great wit and meteoric rapidity of apprehension. Jerrold was a punster in no ordinary or transient sense; but to judge him properly it was necessary that one should have the pleasure of his intimacy and see him by his library fire. It is only within these two or three years that the publication of his letters and remains, by furnishing some hitherto hidden glimpses into his everyday life, has helped the world in general to the persuasion that one of the most inimitable humorists of our day had more than a common share of the milk of human kindness. What Leigh Hunt said of him had a good deal of truth in it, "that if he had the sting of the bee, he had also its honey." Douglas Jerrold was born at London on the 3rd January, 1803. His father, Mr. Samuel Jerrold, was manager of the Sheerness and Southend theatres for many years; and his mother, the manager's second wife, had been a Miss Reid of Wirksworth, Derbyshire. This lady is described as a person of rare energy and talent, and it is said that when her husband started in 1806, in a barn at Wilsby, near Sheerness, his active partner lightened for him not inconsiderably the cares of management. Douglas was the third child; he was so christened after his grandmother, that having been her maiden name. During his childhood a large portion of his time was probably spent with his relative, and his earliest recollections were divided between the paternal barn, and the green fields thereabout. But at that period of his life the drama does not appear to have had very powerful attractions for him. The dockyard at Sheerness was more congenial to him in those days than the foot-lights at Wilsby; and when it became time to think on a profession for Douglas, the latter chose not the boards, but the sea, an appointment as midshipman being procured for him from Captain Austen, brother of the celebrated authoress. The election, however, proved in the present case, as in so many others, to have been a matter of impulse rather than conviction. The severe discipline and rough mode of life on board the Namur were ill suited to his sensitive nature and mercurial temperament; and a writer in the Gentleman's Magazine states that he has seen the boy's eyes fill with tears at witnessing the cruel punishment of flogging through the fleet. Relinquishing a calling so totally incongruous with his tastes, young Jerrold returned home, and as a second experiment was bound apprentice to a printer. This new avocation was not much happier in itself, or much more strikingly adapted to the young compositor's character, than its predecessor; but it was at any rate a step in the right direction. The drudgery of composing is not usually favourable to the development of the intellectual faculties; but in the case of Jerrold, whose early education seems to have been totally neglected, the habit of putting the thoughts of others into type inspired the idea of improving himself and of cultivating an acquaintance with that literature of which he was at present a mere mechanical exponent. With this grand object before him he set manfully to work; all his spare hours were devoted to study and to the acquisition of languages, and his favourite book even then was Shakspeare. The process of learning to express his ideas on paper was probably irksome and disheartening enough; but the faculty came at last, and Jerrold began to conceive that he could write something as good as the articles he was setting up every day of his existence. The trial was made; the anonymous copy was timidly dropped into the editorial box of his own office, and the next morning it was handed to the author for composing. It was a criticism on the opera of Der Frieschutz; and the editor was so well satisfied with the performance that "our correspondent" was solicited to transmit other contributions. This "our correspondent" did, and from that white day in Jerrold's calendar his life entered into a new and brighter phase. Jerrold's parents had trodden the boards; his two sisters were actresses and had married proprietors of theatres; and during the earlier period of his literary career he naturally applied himself to dramatic composition, producing (sometimes under the pseudonym of Harry Brownrig) innumerable pieces of the hour. A few, and a few only, have lived; such was the case with the farce of "More frightened than hurt," performed at Sadlers Wells in 1821. His first marked success, however, was the famous "Black-eyed Susan" which ran upwards of three hundred nights at the Surrey alone, and which made the fortune of everybody connected with it except the author. Jerrold produced several other pieces of a successful kind; but the next great hit was the "Rent Day" founded on Wilkie's picture; it appeared at Drury Lane in January, 1832, and brought the still young dramatist fame and emolument. The somewhat monotonous routine of writing for the stage, had its wearying effect at length on his impulsive nature and epigrammatic mind; and although his name appeared occasionally at the head of play-bills almost to the last, he finally turned, about 1840, to periodical literature, for which he had already shown considerable aptitude, as the most appropriate vehicle for his thoughts, and as a main source of income. In 1841 appeared Punch. The idea of such a publication had been in Jerrold's head many years before; but circumstances prevented its fulfilment. In this miscellany Jerrold printed
