its place on the shelf of the physician's library. The "Economy of Health, or the stream of human life from the cradle to the grave," has been a very popular work, and is translated into German under the title of "Hygiastique." Dr. Johnson has published several works on hygienic subjects, numerous detached papers in the various medical journals of the day, and was editor for a number of years of the Medico-Chirurgical Review. As one of his biographers justly observes, we find in Dr. Johnson's writings a degree of pleasing philosophic gaiety, and his works contain an amusing mixture of conversation, piquant observations, and medical dissertations. Died at Brighton, 1845.—W. B—d.
JOHNSON, John, born at Frindsbury, near Rochester, in 1662, was presented to various benefices in Kent by Archbishops Sancroft and Tenison; but his views on some church questions were against him. He refused to take the oaths to George I. He died at Cranbrook in 1725. He wrote a work on the Psalms, two works on the Eucharist, sermons, the "Clergyman's Vade Mecum" (still useful), and a collection of canons, &c.—B. H. C.
JOHNSON, Maurice, an antiquary of much local celebrity, was born at Spalding in Lincolnshire. He was educated for the law and obtained an extensive practice. His interest in the history and antiquities of his native place urged him to found the Gentlemen's Society at Spalding, and to promote by every means in his power its usefulness as an instrument for collecting materials for local history. For thirty-five years he acted as secretary to the society, corresponding with eminent contemporaries and collecting curious objects for the museum. His collection of coins was valuable, especially those illustrating the times of Carausius; and the materials of a projected history of that prince were given by Johnson to Dr. Stukeley. Johnson contributed several papers to the Archæologia and to the Philosophical Transactions. He died 6th February, 1755.—R. H.
JOHNSON, Robert, a celebrated performer on the lute; and if not so well known as his more fortunate contemporary, John Douland, he at least deserves some notice as the chief composer of the musical dramas of the Shaksperian period. The first trace of his name occurs in the year 1573, when he was in the household of Sir Thomas Kytson of Hengrave Hall, Suffolk. In the book containing the expenses of the household kept by one Thomas Fryer, we find under the date January, 1573:—"Paid to Robert the musician, as so much by him paid for a coople staffe torches to alight my mistress home on Candlemass night, supping at Mr. Townshend's, iis. vid." Again, under the date April, 1575:—"In reward to Johnson, the musician, for his charges in awayting on my L. of Leycester at Kennelworth, xs." The last item is extremely interesting, and relates to an event which probably brought into request all the musical talent of the period—the grand entertainment given by the earl of Leicester to Queen Elizabeth at Kenilworth castle, and celebrated by Master Robert Laneham in his Letter from Kellingworth, and by Sir Walter Scott in his admirable novel of Kenilworth. How long Johnson remained in the service of Sir Thomas Kytson, we have no means of ascertaining. He probably came to London soon after the earl of Leicester's entertainment, and commenced his career as a composer for the theatres. In June, 1611, we find him in the service of Prince Henry, receiving a stipend of £40 annually; and on the 20th of December, 1625, his name occurs in a privy seal, exempting the musicians of the king, Charles I., from the payment of subsidies. Johnson composed the music for Ben Jonson's Masque of Gypsies; Beaumont and Fletcher's Valentinian; and Shakspeare's Tempest. Fragments of the two first have been preserved; but the latter has shared the fatality which seems to attend almost everything in connection with our great bard.—E. F. R.
JOHNSON, Samuel, an English divine, who wrote much and suffered severely in support of the principles of the Revolution of 1688, was born in Warwickshire in 1649, and studied in St. Paul's school, London, and Trinity college, Cambridge, with considerable distinction. Having entered into orders, he was presented in 1669 to the rectory of Corringham in Essex; but the air of the place did not agree with him, and he was not sorry to have such a plea for removing his residence to London. He was a keen politician, and his lot was cast upon turbulent times. The duke of York having declared himself a papist, his right of succession to the crown was hotly disputed, and the popish controversy became once more the grand religious question of the day. Johnson was no sooner in London than he threw himself with violence both into the political and the theological strife. By the study of Bracton and Fortescue he made himself master of the constitutional principles involved in the succession question; and in the pulpit he thundered against popery, which he declared would infallibly be made the established religion of the kingdom, if the duke was not set aside. The earl of Essex became his patron, and Lord William Russel made him his chaplain. In 1679 he preached before the mayor and aldermen at Guildhall on his favourite theme, and from that time, in his own words, "he threw away his liberty with both hands and with his eyes open, for his country's service." In 1682 he published a book entitled "Julian the Apostate," in reply to a sermon by Dr. Hickes, in which the latter had laid down the slavish doctrine of passive obedience; and this he followed up soon after with a tract bearing the still more offensive title of "Julian's arts to undermine and extirpate Christianity." But before this second piece could be published. Lord Russel was seized and put in prison, and Johnson took the advice of his friends to recall and suppress it. Still the court had notice of it, and he was summoned to appear before the king and council. He refused to deliver up the obnoxious tract, and was sent to prison; and the court finding itself foiled in all its attempts to get possession of a copy, dropped the prosecution, though only to begin a new one on the ground of his earlier piece, "Julian the Apostate." When the trial came on Johnson found himself in the hands of Jeffreys, who upbraided him with meddling with what did not belong to him, and recommended him to study the text—"Let every man study to be quiet and mind his own business;" to which the intrepid pamphleteer replied, "that he did mind his business as an Englishman when he wrote that book." He was condemned to pay a fine of five hundred marks, and was thrown into the king's bench till he should pay it. Here he languished for some time; but having at length obtained his release, he employed his new liberty only to give new provocations to the tyranny which threatened to overthrow the ancient liberties of the realm. In 1686 he took the bold step of publishing "An Humble and Hearty Address to all the Protestants in the Present Army," when the army was encamped on Hounslow Heath with the view of overawing the citizens of London. This brought him a second time into heavy trouble. He was condemned to stand in the pillory in Palace Yard, Charing Cross, and the Old Exchange, to pay a second fine of five hundred marks, to be degraded from the priesthood, and to be publicly whipped from Newgate to Tyburn. The sentence was carried into execution in all its parts with unrelenting severity, and he bore it all with the courage and magnanimity of a martyr. When the Revolution at last came, the house of commons made him full amends for his indignities and sufferings, declaring the whole proceedings taken against him to have been illegal, and in an address to the king, "recommending him to some ecclesiastical preferment suitable to his services and sufferings." He was accordingly offered the deanery of Durham, but refused it. Nothing less than a bishopric would satisfy him, and a bishopric was impossible; for a political pamphleteer such as he, even though a martyr, would have made a dangerous bishop. His temper was rough and his spirit turbulent; and all that could be done for him was to settle a pension upon him of £300 a year for his own and his son's life, with a gift of £1000 in money, and a place of £100 a year for his son. He survived till May, 1703, after having made a narrow escape of being assassinated by seven men who broke into his house in the dead of night, and threatened "to pistol him," for a pamphlet which he had shortly before sent forth, which gave huge offence to all who had complied with the Revolution without approving of it. In 1710 all his writings were collected in one folio volume, with memoirs of his life prefixed.—P. L.
JOHNSON, Samuel, a dramatic writer, was born in Cheshire about 1705. He was originally a dancing-master; but by his eccentric habits, which were more than once the cause of his being charged with insanity, he lost all his pupils, and thenceforth relied upon his pen for subsistence. His pieces, though in their nature ephemeral and written only to suit the humour of the hour, contain a great deal of witty and sprightly dialogue. Amongst them may be noticed "Hurlothrumbo, or the supernaturals," a comedy; "Cheshire Comics;" "The Blazing Comet;" "The Mad Lovers, or the beauties of the poets;" "All Alive and Merry;" "A Poet made Wise;" and "Sir John Falstaff in Masquerade."—W. J. P.
JOHNSON, Dr. Samuel, the celebrated English lexico-
