duke of Wurtemberg, and he lived alternately for fifteen years at Stuttgart and Ludwigsburg, actively engaged in dramatic composition. He finally returned to Naples on quitting the duke's service; but though he was welcomed by his countrymen, his style had become so much more serious than when he was last among them, that the operas he now wrote—"Armida," "Demofoonte," and "Ifigenia"—failed to please them, and greatly as these works are praised by critics, they were each more coldly received than its predecessor. It is supposed that his vexation at the non-success of the last of these brought on his paralytic stroke in 1773, from which, however, he recovered sufficiently to resume his artistic labours; and the Miserere for two voices he then wrote—set to an Italian version of the psalm by his friend Mattei—is accounted his masterpiece. He produced in all forty operas. He was almost as greatly esteemed for his sacred as for his secular music, and his obsequies were celebrated six weeks after his death by the performance of a Requiem composed for the occasion, in which all the musicians in Naples assisted.—G. A. M.
* JOMINI, Henri, French baron, general in the Russian army, an eminent writer on strategy and on sections of the history of modern continental war, is a Swiss by birth, and was born in the March of 1779, at Payerne in the canton De Vaud. In early youth he was employed commercially in Paris, but inflamed by military studies and Napoleon's career of victory, he migrated to his native country at the age of nineteen, and entered its army. After various vicissitudes of employment, carefully studying the while the theory, practice, and history of war, Jomini became aid-de-camp to Ney, accompanying him through the German campaign of 1805, and contributing by his advice and personal activity to the production of some of its results most favourable to the French arms. After the campaign of the Tyrol, he bore the news of the conquest of that country to Napoleon, and presented to the emperor on the field of Austerlitz, his "Traité des grandes opérations," &c. Napoleon was struck by the merit of the work, and soon afterwards he was made a colonel and chief of Ney's staff. He was with the emperor at , Jena, and for his gallantry there was made a baron. As head of Ney's staff in the Spanish campaign, befell into disgrace from having, as it was alleged, attributed to himself the merit of the successes of the corps to which he was attached. He offered his services to Alexander of Russia, then an ally of France; but still we find him French governor of Wilna and Smolensk during the Russian campaign, and aiding the disastrous retreat of the French army from Moscow. After heading Ney's staff once more, and helping to gain the battle of Bautzen, he was finally disgraced—Berthier seemingly having a pique at him—and he became a lieutenant-general in the Russian army. Napoleon at St. Helena cleared him from the reproach of having in this capacity betrayed France and the military secrets with which he had become acquainted in the French army. He was at Paris with Alexander after Waterloo, and exerted himself, unsuccessfully, to save the life of his old chief Ney. Continuing thenceforth in the service of Russia, he superintended the completion of the military education of the archduke, afterwards the Emperor Nicholas. On the accession of Nicholas to the throne of all the Russias, Jomini was continued in his office of first imperial aid-de-camp. He served in the war with Turkey in 1828, and the foundation of the Russian military academy in 1830 was due to him. He afterwards withdrew to privacy at Brussels, from which he emerged, on the breaking out of the war between Russia and France and England, to visit the czar at St. Petersburg. In 1855 he received permission to return to Brussels. Besides several useful minor treatises on strategy, &c., Jomini has published two great and elaborate works—the "Traité des grandes opérations militaires, ou histoire critique et militaire des guerres de Frédéric II. comparées à celles de la Revolution Française," Paris, 1805, in five volumes with atlases; "Histoire critique et militaire des campagnes de la Révolution de 1792 à 1801," Paris, 1819-24, in fifteen volumes with atlases, &c.—a work in which Jomini had the co-operation of General Koch, and which is preceded by an introduction sketching the history of French warfare from the time of Louis XIV. Jomini's place among modern writers on the history and theory of war is a very high one. With lucidity and accuracy he combines a rare liveliness of treatment.—F. E.
JONAS or JONÆ, Arngrim—in Iceland, Jonsson; in Danish, Johnsen—a learned Icelander, born in 1568 at Videsal, whence his descendants took the name of Vidalin. After studying at Copenhagen he took orders, and in 1627 was coadjutor to the bishop of Holum. At the death of the latter he declined the episcopate, wishing to devote himself to study. He was one of the most zealous promoters of the studies relating to ancient Scandinavia. He left a "Brevis Commentarius de Islandia," in which former errors were exposed and rectified; "Crimogæa, sive rerum Islandicarum libri tres," Hamburg, 1609, 1614, and 1650—this important work treats of the history and the laws, manners, and customs of the Icelanders, and relieves them from various heavy charges that had been brought against them; "Specimen Islandiæ historicum et magna ex parte chorographicum;" also a work on Greenland, and various minor works. He died in 1648.—P. E. D.
JONAS, Justus, a distinguished German reformer, was born at Nordhausen in 1493. His real name was Jodocus, which he changed into Justus. In 1519 he was appointed rector of the university of Erfurt, and in 1521 the successor of Göden at Wittenberg. In 1521, also, he accompanied Luther at Worms. As professor of theology at Wittenberg, he laboured zealously to promote the Reformation, and was in correspondence with several of its leaders. He devoted himself ardently to the composition of works in defence of protestant doctrines, and for the exposition of the scriptures; and his public lectures had the same end. The importance which was attached to his opinions, led to his taking part in many of the colloquies which were held on the subject of religion, as those of Marpurg and Augsburg. He was also one of the compilers of the Augsburg confession, and exerted a powerful influence upon the measures adopted for the organization of the reformed churches. In the history of the time he is continually to be met with, as equally ready with his presence, his tongue, and his pen. He was present at the deathbed of Luther, and delivered a panegyric or funeral oration over him at Isleben. For some years he superintended ecclesiastical affairs at Halle, but was expelled thence about 1546, and found his liberty greatly restricted. Towards the close of his life he was appointed pastor at Eisfeld, where he died, October 9, 1555. His works are numerous, learned, and valuable. They comprise several translations.—B. H. C.
JONATHAN, Apphus. See Maccabeus.
JONES, Griffith, a Welsh divine who did much for the education of his countrymen, was born at Kilredin in 1684, and was rector of Llanddowror, both in Carmarthenshire. He was educated at Carmarthen school. He was very zealous in collecting subscriptions for "circulating schools," and as the result of his exertions one hundred and fifty-eight thousand persons were taught to read. He got thirty thousand copies of the Welsh Bible printed by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, which were sold at a cheap rate to the poor; and he wrote and circulated extensively small manuals in English and Welsh. Having some knowledge of medicine, he dispensed gratuitously to his poorer parishioners. He died in 1761.—D. W. R.
JONES, Griffith, born in 1722, now remembered principally as having been concerned in the introduction into England of such little books for the amusement of children as Goody Two-shoes, Giles Gingerbread, Tommy Trip, and the like. He was assisted in this speculation by Mr. Giles Jones his brother, and Mr. John Newbery the bookseller. He was a friend of Dr. Johnson, to whose Literary Magazine he contributed; and also of Goldsmith, along with whom he wrote for the British Magazine. He was the editor of the London Chronicle, Daily Advertiser, and Public Ledger, and translated extensively from the French. His little work, "Great Events from Little Causes," had an extensive sale. He died in 1780.—D. W. R.
JONES, Henry, was born at Drogheda in Ireland, about the year 1720. His birth was humble, and like Ben Jonson he was a bricklayer, with an ardent love for literature; and it is said of him, that while at his work "he composed alternately a line of brick and a line of verse." Some small poems that he wrote attracted attention and gained him friends; and when Lord Chesterfield came to Ireland as viceroy in 1745, the young artisan-poet was brought favourably under his notice. The earl with his wonted liberality patronized Jones, who under his auspices went to England with his patron to push his fortune. Friends and subscriptions were procured, and a volume of poems published. The drama was now Jones's ambition. His first essay was "The Earl of Essex," a tragedy, which the earl is said to have corrected, and by his influence got performed at
