love affair the immature Lothario was shipped off, before he had fairly commenced his studies, to French Guyana, whence he managed soon to effect his return, and took his seat again on the benches of his college. Two years afterwards he entered the artillery, and served as a subaltern officer in India, where he met with various romantic adventures and made the acquaintance of Tippoo Saib, the hero afterwards of one of his dramas. A reader of Voltaire from his childhood, he hurried home when he heard of the capture of the Bastile, offered his sword to the Revolution, and rose rapidly in military rank. Disgraced and accused of "moderantism" for having refused to drink the health of Marat, he escaped to Switzerland. Returning to Paris after the fall of Robespierre, he was reinstated and re-employed at one time, being appointed commander of Lille; but even under the new and more moderate régime he was arrested on suspicion of having held treasonable communications with Lord Malmesbury, whose niece he is said to have married. Tired of these vicissitudes, he gave up the army after his acquittal on this new charge; and on the establishment of the system of prefectures, accompanied the Count De Pontecoulant to Brussels, holding for a short time an official situation, which he resigned, then devoting himself to literature at Paris. Talma personated the hero of his tragedy of "Tippoo Saib," 1813; and Spontini wrote the music for his opera "La Vestale," which was a success. He is remembered, however, less by such pieces than by the series of papers, "L'Hermite de la Chaussée d'Antin," which he contributed in 1813-14 to the Gazette de France, and which were afterwards collected. Lively sketches of life and character in the Paris of that period of transition, the closing years of the empire, they are the nearest approach that French literature has made to the essays of Addison and Steele, and were very successful. Less popular were its successors, especially "L'Hermite en Province," written by Jouy in his study in Paris—though professing to describe the contemporary life of the French provinces—and swarming with geographical blunders. At the first restoration he was introduced to Louis XVIII. by Madame De Stael, but accepted a theatrical post from Napoleon during the Hundred Days. At the second restoration Jouy went into opposition, and was fined and imprisoned for his liberalism—reviving his old popularity by the publication of "L'Hermite en Prison." He wrote plays, contributed to periodicals, and after the revolution of 1830, was appointed by Louis Philippe chief librarian of the Louvre. He had quite survived his reputation when he died at the chateau of St. Germain en Laye on the 4th September, 1846.—F. E.
JOVELLANOS, Gaspar Melchior de, a Spanish statesman, economist, and poet, born at Gijon, Asturias, 5th January, 1744, of a noble family, and educated for the law at the universities of Oviedo, Alcala, and Madrid. At the age of twenty-four he was made one of the judges in criminal cases at Seville, and ten years afterwards exchanged this office for the more congenial one of civil judge at Seville, but in 1778 he was appointed judge of criminal cases at Madrid. It was during his residence at Seville that he wrote the tragedy of "Pelayo," and the comedy of the "Honourable Culprit;" acquired a knowledge of English for the purpose of studying political economy; and prepared the outline of his great work, "Informe sobre ley agraria" (Memoir on law as applied to agriculture). He also found time to be the patron of art, and the promoter of schools and hospitals. After spending a year and a half at Madrid, he became a member of the Council of military orders, in which capacity he visited his native province of Asturias, and founded the Asturian institute for the study of sciences connected with the mineral wealth of the country. His connection with Cabarrus cost him a sort of honourable exile to his native province (1790-97), which he devoted to the improvement of mines, roads, and all useful public works. He also wrote his excellent treatise "On public amusements," and completed his work on agricultural law above named. In 1797 he became minister of justice under Godoy; but the next year he was again exiled to Asturias, and in 1801 was seized in his bed under the authority of the inquisition, carried across the country and embarked for Majorca, where he suffered a rigorous confinement of seven years' duration. Refusing to acknowledge Joseph Bonaparte, he represented his province in the central junta, where his enlightened views met with a very insufficient response. When the junta was dissolved in 1810, at his earnest desire, Jovellanos returned to Asturias to find his beloved institute ruined by the French occupation, and had only time to publish his noble "Memoir" in defence of his own conduct and that of the junta, when a second French invasion compelled him to escape on board a small vessel. Landing at the little port of Vega, he expired from the results of exposure and fatigue, 27th November, 1811. Besides the works named above, we have from his pen two satires, numerous memoirs, and several poetical epistles to his friends. As a writer no less than as a statesman, he well deserved the title, revived for his sake by the cortes, "Benemerito de la patria."—F. M. W.
JOVIANUS, Flavius Claudius, one of the best of the later Roman emperors, was born in 330. He was the son of Count Varronianus, a native of Pannonia, and received the name by which he is generally known from having been appointed by Diocletian to the command of the Jovian corps. As a military leader he acquired a high reputation, and when he offered to resign his command rather than abandon his christian principles, Julian the Apostate had so much respect for him that he not only suffered him to retain the command, but took him into his intimate confidence. He accompanied that emperor in his rash expedition against the Persians, under the honorary title of chamberlain or chief domestic; and when Julian died in the midst of the hazardous enterprise, Jovian was elected to the purple in 363, by the acclamations of the soldiery. He then continued one of the most disastrous retreats in history, with an army utterly disorganized, famishing with thirst and hunger, and pursued and harassed by an enemy vastly superior in numbers. In these circumstances he was compelled to conclude a treaty, by which he accepted the most humiliating conditions from the Persians; and although he was severely censured for doing so, it is admitted by the best authorities, some of whom were present in the expedition, that he had absolutely no alternative. On arriving at Antioch he gave promise of a liberal and enlightened reign by issuing a decree which permitted the exercise of any form of worship, while at the same time he re-established christianity as the recognized religion, recalled the exiled bishops of the orthodox faith, and ordered the restoration of the churches to all the adherents of the council of Nice. He then continued his progress towards Constantinople, and was received with every demonstration of joy in the different cities through which he passed; but before reaching his destination his life and reign were brought to a sudden conclusion. At Dadastana, after partaking of a plentiful supper, he retired to rest, and was found dead in bed next morning, 17th February, 364, whether from apoplexy, poison, or the fumes of charcoal, is not known; but his death in the thirty-fourth year of his age, and after a brief reign, appears to have been sincerely regretted by both christians and pagans.—G. BL.
JOVIUS. See Giovio.
JOY or JOYE, George, sometimes styled Gee, and sometimes Clarke or Clerke, whose numerous aliases indicate the life of a persecuted fugitive, was among the early promoters of the Reformation in England, He was born in Bedfordshire, and educated in Peterhouse, Cambridge, where he took his B.A. degree in 1512-13, and that of M.A. in 1517, when he was admitted a fellow. In 1527 he was accused of heresy by the prior of Newenham, and being summoned by the cardinal, who sent him to the bishop of Lincoln, Joy took the first opportunity of escaping beyond sea. He settled in Strasburg where, under the name of Clarke, he translated and printed the Psalter and Primer, omitting the litany and dirige, "lest folke should pray to saints and for the dead." He seems to have exercised the art of printing as a means of living. The printers of the fourth Dutch edition of Tyndale's translation of the Bible, employed Joy to correct the press. The latter went beyond his commission, and corrected the translation, to the great wrath of Tyndale, who in a special preface to his New Testament blames Joy particularly for altering the word "resurrection" into "the life after this." Joy replied in an "Apology," &c., addressed to Tyndale, in which he states how little money he made by the transaction. A list of Joy's writings and of the works he printed will be found in Dibdin's Typ. Ant. iii. 533. On returning to England he appears to have followed the business of a printer, for a work supposed to be of the year 1541 bears his imprint at London. Fuller says, "notwithstanding many machinations against his life, he found his coffin where he fetched his cradle, being peaceably buried in his native country in 1553, the last year of King Edward VI "—R. H.
