to Melancthon, although nearly resembling him in the mildness of his temper and the moderation of his language. After the death of Zwingle he worked with equal fidelity and goodwill at the side of Bullinger. His Hebrew learning made him a valuable coadjutor in the theological school of Zurich, and qualified him to undertake a translation of the Old Testament, which he executed first in German and' afterwards in Latin. The German translation was repeatedly printed, and was of great service to the cause of the Reformation in Switzerland. The Latin translation was left unfinished at his death, but he bequeathed it to the care of his colleague, Bibliander, by whom it was completed. His other publications, which were pretty numerous, were chiefly translations of the works of Swiss and German reformers into German or Latin. His "Catechism" was published both in Latin and German, at the request of the synod of 1533; and his "Smaller Catechism," an abridgment of the former, was long used in the churches of Zurich, and other reformed cantons. He survived till 19th June, 1542. His life was written by his son in 1574, and has recently been rewritten by Carl Pestalozzi, in the valuable series of Lives and Select Writings of the Fathers and Founders of the Reformed Church, edited by Professor Hagenbach of Basle.—P. L.
JUDAH ben Samuel Ha-Levi, called by the Arabs Abul-Hassan, was a poet and theologian, born at Castile about 1080. His father was the eminent Rabbi Samuel Ha-Levi, and Aben-Ezra was related to him. He is said to have been an excellent philosopher and grammarian, and to have been well versed in all the learning of his age. He wrote in Arabic his famous "Cosri," or defence of the truth and divinity of Judaism, which has been translated into Hebrew and Latin, the latter by Buxtorf, with notes, 1660. It has also been translated into Spanish, and partly into German. His poems were written in Arabic and Hebrew, and the Jews give him a foremost place among their poets. Ha-Levi is said to have died in 1140.—B. H. C
JUDAH or JEHUDAH Hakkadosh (Judah the Holy), was born at Tabariah or Tiberias in 123. According to others, he was born at Sepphoris (Diocæsarea) in 120. By the Jews he is called Nasi or prince, Son of Simeon, Rabbenu, and the phœnix of his age; they compare him with the Messiah, and say that God collected all rare gifts and virtues in him. They tell us he was favoured by several Roman emperors, and that he devoted thirty-nine years to the collection and arrangement of ancient traditions, which he gave to the world under the name of the Mishneh or Mishna. This work is divided into six parts, of which the first treats of agriculture; the second of festivals; the third of women; the fourth of damages; the fifth of holy things; and the sixth of purifications. All these are subdivided into sections, of which there are sixty-three larger, and five hundred and twenty-four smaller. The best edition is that of Amsterdam, 1698, &c., in six folio volumes. It has been translated into Arabic and German. The principal commentaries upon the Mishna are the Gemaras of Babylon and Jerusalem, of later date. The whole constitute the Talmuds. The exact time of his death is not known, but it seems to have been about 190.—B. H. C.
JUDAH CHAYUG. See Chayug.
JUDAS MACCABEUS. See Maccabeus.
JUDSON, Adoniram, an eminent American missionary, was born at Maldem, Massachusetts, on the 9th of August, 1788. The son of an Independent minister, he was educated at Brown's university, and was ordained at the theological seminary of Andover. It is related of him that in early life he had been a freethinker, and that his conversion to christianity commenced with the death of the friend from whom he had imbibed his sceptical notions. Judson at that time was travelling with a company of actors, and while staying at an inn he was troubled to learn that the occupier of the next bedroom was dying. To fortify his mind he recalled the ideas of his sceptical friend, but without deriving the expected comfort; and in the morning he was greatly shocked to find that it was this very friend who lay dead in the next room. Seriously intent after this upon his new calling of minister, Judson was induced to become a missionary by reading Buchanan's missionary sermon, the Star in the East. A missionary association of young men which he formed at Andover is reported to have been the germ of that important body, the American Board of Commissioners. In 1812 the young preacher married, and was sent out by the board to the Burmese empire. On the voyage he resolved to leave the Independent church for the Baptist, a resolution which brought upon him some obloquy. After many vicissitudes he reached Rangoon, and at once applied himself to the study of the language of the natives. The knowledge he acquired of Burmese and of Pali was soon turned to account. Receiving a printing-press and type from Serampore, and a working printer from America, he printed in 1817, in the Burmese character, a brief "View of the Christian Religion," and a Catechism. Meanwhile he laboured among the natives, and worked diligently at his translation of the scriptures. He found the Buddhists very slow of belief, and in 1822 had but eighteen converts. In 1823 he printed the New Testament in Burmese, with an abridgment of the Old Testament by way of introduction. He travelled several times into the interior, and on one occasion had an interview with the king at Ava, obtaining from him permission to open schools, and to preach in public. On the breaking out of the war between England and Burmah, Judson, as a suspected foreigner, was imprisoned and suffered many hardships, of which a touching account has been given by his wife in her History of the Burman mission. At the end of the war he was employed by the Burmese as interpreter and negotiator of a treaty of peace. His mission at Rangoon, which had been completely broken up, was re-established at Moulmein, and native preachers were ordained. A great accession to the church was made by the conversion of a wild race of men, the Karens, through the instrumentality of two zealous missionaries, Mr. and Mrs. Boardman. Judson having lost his wife, married in 1834 Mrs. Boardman, then a widow, and shared her labours for the converted Karens. In 1834 the translation of the Old Testament into Burmese was completed, and a quarto edition of the Burmese Bible, revised, was published in 1840. The christian converts now nearly numbered twelve hundred; but the health of the indefatigable missionary began to fail. He lost his second wife in 1845, and went home to America. There becoming acquainted with Miss Emily Chubbuck, who undertook to write a biographical memoir of his last wife. Dr. Judson married her in July, 1846, and returned with her to Rangoon. Beside his work as pastor of the infant church, he now engaged ardently in the task of composing a dictionary of the Burmese language. He lived only to complete the first part, English and Burmese. While occupied with the Burmese and English part he was seized with a fever, and hurried on board ship, with a hope that the change would be beneficial. He survived but nine days, dying on the 12th April, 1850, and was buried at sea. Dr. Judson's three wives were all remarkable women, whose merits stand on record.—Anna Hasseline, the first, was the faithful partner of his captivity and sufferings, and the eloquent historian of the early trials of the Burman mission. The illness she underwent after her unavailing efforts to obtain her husband's release, deprived her for a time of reason. She died in October, 1826, shortly after his liberation from prison.—Sarah Boardman, his second wife, the widow and zealous assistant of the missionary among the Karens, was a beautiful and accomplished woman. For three years after her first husband's death she presided over the mission alone, and conducted the worship of the semi-barbarous converts. To her second husband her intimate acquaintance with the native language proved of inestimable service. She died on board ship in the port of St. Helena, on her way to England, September 1, 1845, in her forty-second year. An account of her life has been published by the third Mrs. Judson.—Emily Chubbuck, a writer well known in America under the pseudonym of Fanny Forester, was born at Morrisville, state of New York, of which place she has given a graphic account in her village sketches entitled "Alderbrook," 2 vols., 1846. For a list of her works, see Cyclopædia of American Literature. She survived her husband four years, and died 1st June, 1854.—R. H.
JUGURTHA, King of the Numidians, grandson of Masinissa, and natural son of Manastabal, born about 154 b.c. His uncle, Micipsa, on coming to the throne in 149 took charge of him, and brought him up with his own children; but alarmed at the early superiority manifested by Jugurtha, sent him to the wars in Spain, where he gained the attention and favour of Scipio. On the death of his uncle in 118 he formed the project of seizing the kingdom, and procured the death of Hiempsal, one of the heirs. Finding favour with the troops, he influenced the senate to give him a share of the government, and soon disposed of the other heir, Adherbal. The Roman senate there-
