the papacy in 1511, he summoned another assembly in the Lateran. He died on 21st February, 1513. Thus Julius' life was spent amid wars and schemes for the aggrandizement of the papal see. Yet he was a friend to the arts and sciences; and had a noble spirit full of lofty designs. With the passions and infirmities of the warrior he united many better tastes.—S. D.
JULIUS III. (Giovanni Maria de Monte), born at Arezzo in 1487, elected pope, 7th February, 1550, was very favourable to the jesuits, whom he exonerated from many disqualifications for public places. His reign was wholly inactive, as he gave himself up to ease, luxury, and vice, in his charming villa; leaving affairs of state to Cardinal Crescentio. His nepotism and dissoluteness were notorious. He even bestowed the cardinal's hat on a youth hardly sixteen, the keeper of his monkeys, chosen from the lowest populace; and when reproached by the cardinals for it, replied—"What virtue did you find in me to put me in the papal chair?" He died 23d March, 1555.—S. D.
JULLIEN, Louis, the celebrated composer of dance music, was the son of Antonio Jullien, band-master of the Cent Suisses in the revolution of 1789. Upon the massacre of his regiment at the Louvre, he emigrated to Rome, where, attaching himself to the body guard of the pope, he formed an alliance with an Italian lady of some distinction. Some time after the union M. Jullien determined on revisiting France; and while on the journey, in the French Alps, on the 23rd of April, 1812, at a chalet near Sisteron young Jullien was born. The intervention of circumstances altered the original intention of proceeding to France, and the family remained at Sisteron amid the wild solitudes of the Alps. Here Antonio taught singing, and his little son, with an intuitive genius for music, it is said, learned the solfeggios from casually hearing them several times, so as to be able to repeat them with astonishing precision and fluency. His father, surprised and delighted at this wonderful power of acquirement, cultivated his infant voice, taught him a number of pleasing French and Italian songs, and gave concerts in the most important towns of the south of France, where the child was regarded, in all the fondess of public enthusiasm, as le petit phenomene. At the age of five, doubtless from the too premature exercise of a delicate organ, he lost his voice; and returning to his mountain home, he devoted himself ardently to the study of the violin, on which instrument he displayed so much skill as to induce his father to project a series of concerts in the principal Italian cities, where he met with universal favour. On one occasion, after performing the difficult variations of Rode at the Teatro Reale at Turin, he was lifted from the stage into the queen's box by command, to receive the regal marks of gratification and delight. This incident brought him into great favour with the court, and for a whole season he was the caressed of the Sardinian nobility. Whilst sojourning for professional purposes at Marseilles, his father met the Admiral De Rigny, then commander of the squadron of the Levant, who induced him to abandon his musical pursuits and enter his service. This strange mutation in their manner of life led to father and son remaining in the French navy for three years, both being present at the battle of Navarino in 1827. Returning to France at the end of this time, young Jullien, inspired with a feeling of heroism, enlisted as a soldier, and for six months bore the drudgery of a musket in the 54th regiment of infantry. But this dull routine of stringent discipline was ill adapted to the temper and restless genius of our hero. His regiment being ordered to Briançon on the Piedmontese frontier, he deserted for the purpose of visiting his mother then living at Turin, whom he had not seen for several years. Returning to the quarters at night in a deep snow, he scaled the walls of the ramparts, and seeking the colonel in command, sued for clemency at his hands. The officer who, it seems, was a benevolent man, heard his story; and touched by the filial love of the young soldier, immediately interceded, and thus saved him from ignominy and death. His father shortly after this occurrence purchased his discharge, and with the secret love of the musical art burning in his soul, he set out on foot and walked to Paris, determined if possible to enter the conservatoire. A firm will and indomitable energy overcame every obstacle, and in less than six months after his arrival he was entered as an élève in that institution. On retiring from this establishment, Jullien received the appointment of director of the concerts at the Champs Elysées, and the balls of the Academie Royale. In this position he was brought prominently before the public of the French capital, and a well-earned popularity induced him to lease the hotel of the duke of Padua, which he converted into a grand salle for balls and concerts that were long the rage of Paris. So successful was his initial introduction of the Italian casino into France, that several managers of the leading theatres formed a clique to frustrate the efforts of their devoted rival, the end of which was, that the year 1839 drove him to England. He commenced his excellent promenade concerts at Drury Lane theatre at the same period, and from that time until 1859 his brilliant festivals created, not only in London, but throughout the United Kingdom, the most enthusiastic feelings of interest among all classes. Amid the vivacity of his ad captandum levities, Jullien never lost sight of the sterling and beautiful compositions of the great masters. In this respect he may be said to have educated the public at large, familiarizing by degrees the general ear with a class of music that formerly was confined to the sympathies and appreciation of the select few. This popularization of the works of such authors as Beethoven, Mozart, and Mendelsshon, is an achievement in itself worthy of conferring honour on Jullien, who undeniably has had the public taste to a considerable extent under his direction. With a laudable desire to establish in London an English opera, he organized in 1847 a troupe of artistes of celebrity, and produced a series of works in a style of splendour unprecedented in the annals of the English lyric stage. But this effort, like many others of a similar nature, was ill requited; and at the end of the season the manager found himself loser of an enormous sum, the result of at least ten years of active professional labour. It was during this time that he introduced to the English public in opera Mr. Sims Reeves, whose fine voice had attracted his attention in Italy. M. Jullien's most ambitious work was the opera of "Pietro il Grande," produced in 1853 at the opera house, Covent Garden. Its production was characterized by a magnificence and splendour of ensemble, rarely witnessed even at the finest opera house of the metropolis; but in spite of the show it did not succeed. M. Jullien was not quite up to the mark in writing a grand opera. To enumerate his smaller works—his "waifs and strays" of music—would be like naming the leaves of the forest. They have been taken into custody by the world, and many have become "household sounds." If Jullien passed the greater part of his life in gilded saloons, surrounded by dance and revelry, his end showed a fearful reverse. Confined for debt in a French prison, he breathed his last amidst poverty and wretchedness, at the beginning of the year 1860. Poor Jullien deserved a better fate. He was a simple, kind-hearted, honourable man, wishing well to every body. Had he put less trust in his fellow-men, he might have been prosperous to the end.—E. F. R.
JUMPER, Sir William, was born at Bandon in the county of Cork, but in what year is not recorded. We find him second lieutenant of the Resolution in 1688. After serving with distinction in several ships, he was promoted to the command of the Weymouth in 1694. While in this command he captured five French vessels, under circumstances most honourable to his skill and bravery. The death of his wife, who was drowned, for a while removed him from active service; but he soon again went to sea, and the same uninterrupted success attended him, numerous privateers and ships of war being captured by him. He served under Sir George Rooke in the expedition against Cadiz, and on his way home captured part of a valuable Spanish fleet. He aided in the reduction of Gibraltar, where he was severely wounded. He was knighted by Queen Anne, and received a pension. In 1714 he was appointed commissioner of the navy, and died in March, 1715. "Few men," says Charnock, "who have not lived to attain the rank of commander-in-chief or flag officer have acquired so much renown."—J. F. W.
JUNCKER, Christian, a learned German historian and philologist, was born at Dresden in October, 1668. Appointed co-rector of the gymnasium at Schleusingen in 1695, he remained there till 1707, when he went to Eisenach to become rector of the college at that place. In 1711 he was elected a member of the Royal Society of Berlin, and two years after was chosen director of the college at Altenburg, where his death (occasioned by excessive grief at the loss of his wife) took place in 1714. Besides a number of valuable works of his own, he published ad modum Minellii editions of many of the classics, and was the author of various translations into German.—D. W. R.
JUNCKER, Gottlob Johann, physician, born in 1680 at Londorff near Giessen. He studied medicine at Marpurg and
