Erfurt, and afterwards took his degree at Halle in 1713. He was elected physician to the public hospital there, became also one of the professors of medicine in the university, and obtained great distinction in his chair. He is the author of several works, some of which are still occasionally referred to, as they contain the best and most compendious view of the doctrines of Stahl, which he had been in the habit of teaching in his lectures. He died in 1759.—W. B—d.
JUNCTINUS or GIUNTINI, Francis, author of some works on astronomy and astrology, was born at Florence on the 7th of March, 1523. He was a doctor of divinity and a carmelite friar, and at one time almoner to Francis of France, duke of Anjou. He abjured the doctrines of the church of Rome, and returned to them again, followed various occupations at different periods of his life, and at last made a large fortune by moneylending. In 1590 he was accidentally killed at Lyons by the fall of a quantity of heavy books on his head.—W. J. M. R.
JUNG, Joachim, a distinguished physician, mathematician, and botanist, born at Lubeck in 1587. Deprived at an early age of his father, who was assassinated, he was obliged to trust chiefly to his own exertions for obtaining his education. Having chosen the study of medicine as a profession, he graduated at Giessen in 1607; and then travelled over the greater part of Germany and Italy, in order to cultivate the acquaintance of the most distinguished physicians of the time. He remained a few years at Giessen as a mathematical tutor, but in 1625 was chosen professor of physic at Helmstädt. In 1629, having previously been obliged to fly from Helmstädt in consequence of the Danish war, he was appointed rector of the school at Hamburg, where he remained till his death, which took place in 1657. Jung is the author of several works of considerable learning and ingenuity; they relate to medicine, theology, mathematics, metaphysics, and botany. In his botanical writings he appears to have been a great critic in nomenclature, and to have constructed a variety of terms which agree with those used by Linnæus. His remarks upon botanical discrimination have been of considerable advantage to succeeding botanists, and many of his definitions are made use of by our own distinguished naturalist, John Ray. His most celebrated work, and in which most of his botanical remarks occur, is called "Doxoscopiæ Physicæ minores, sive isagoge physica doxoscopica."—W. B—d.
JUNG, Johann Heinrich, better known under his nom de plume Stilling, a German author, was born in humble circumstances at Im-Grund, duchy of Nassau, 12th December, 1740. He was apprenticed to a tailor; but by his own unremitting exertions successively rose to the dignity of schoolmaster, physician, professor, and at length in 1804 was appointed to the chair of political economy at Heidelberg. He died at Karlsruhe, 2nd April, 1817. His numerous writings have a tinge of the supernatural, but by their naiveté and the depth of their feeling won a great popularity. The first rank amongst them takes "Heinrich Stilling's Leben," 5 vols., 1806, in which he has given a graphic narrative of his own early struggles, and the peaceful domestic life of his later years.—K. E.
JÜNGEN, ___, a mechanic of Brunswick, is said to have invented the spinning-wheel about 1530.—W. J. M. R.
JÜNGER, Johann Friedrich, a German novelist and comic dramatist, was born in 1759, and died in 1797. He studied the law, but deserted it for a literary career. In 1789 he was appointed dramatic poet to the Vienna Hof-theater, but was dismissed in 1794. Among his numerous comic novels, "Huldreich Wurmsamen," "Fritz," "Der Kleine Cæsar," and "Vetter Jakob's Launen" enjoyed the greatest popularity. His comedies were distinguished by well-sustained plots, an easy dialogue, and sparkling wit. They were published in three collections—"Lustspiele," 5 vols.; "Komisches Theater," 3 vols.; and "Theatralischer Nachlass," 2 vols.—K. E.
JUNGERMANN, Gotfried, was born at Leipsic about the middle of the sixteenth century. He filled, in the university of his native city, the chair of law. The classics and philology were, however, his favourite pursuits, and to them he ultimately devoted himself at Frankfort and elsewhere. Under his superintendence were brought out a Greek translation of Cæsar's Commentaries, and a Latin one of the pastorals of Longus and many other classics. He was in correspondence with most of the great scholars of his day. He died in 1610.—J. F. W.
* JUNGHUHN, Franz Wilhelm, a German naturalist, was born at Mansfeld on 26th October, 1812. He studied medicine, and became a surgeon in the Prussian army. In consequence of being concerned in a duel, he was imprisoned for twenty months in the castle of Ehrenbreitstein. He made his escape from prison, and afterwards was chosen officer of health in connection with the Dutch army in Batavia. He had an opportunity of exploring the island of Java in 1836, and published an account of its natural history, and more especially of its botany. In 1840 he examined the island of Sumatra. In 1848 he returned to Holland. Among his writings are the following—"A General Account of his Travels, with the view of advancing Topography and Natural History;" "Account of the Cryptogamic Flora of Java, and of the genera and species found in that island;" and "An Account of the Battas in Sumatra." He also published a "Topographical Map of Java," and supplied numerous papers to the Dutch journals. The plants collected by Junghuhn were described by Goeppert, De Vriese, and others, in the Plantæ Junghuhnianæ.—J. H. B.
JUNGMANN, Josef, a celebrated Bohemian Sclavonist, who contributed materially both by his example and writings to the revival of national life and a national literature in Bohemia. He was born at Hudlitz, near Beraun, on the 16th of July, 1773, and was the son of a peasant bee-breeder. After overcoming the impediments to a liberal culture which arose from his condition in life, he was enabled to pursue his studies at Beraun, whence he proceeded to the university of Prague. In 1799 he obtained the professorship of grammar at the gymnasium in Leitmeritz. The national language of Bohemia was at that time excluded from polite society, and confined to the peasant class from which Jungmann sprang. He, having suffered much annoyance and mortification at being obliged to acquire the knowledge he thirsted after through the medium of the German language, resolved to restore his native Tcheck to some consideration. When not engaged in his gymnasium he lectured gratuitously upon the national history and language. He laboured at his great Tcheck and German dictionary; and as his influence increased, he succeeded in substituting the Tcheck language for the German in the course of instruction at the Bohemian schools. In 1815 he was elected professor of Latin at the college of the old town in Prague, of which establishment he became director nineteen years later (1834), and did not relinquish the office until 1845, only two years before his death. In 1840 he was elected rector of the university of Prague, his brother Antonin, an eminent physician and writer on medicine, having held the office the previous year. Another brother, Jan, a priest, officiated at the ceremony of installation. Josef died on the 16th of November, 1847, leaving a name that will long be revered by his countrymen. Jungmann's title to be called the lexicographer of Bohemia is amply sustained by his great dictionary, which passed through the press between 1835 and 1839, and was published at the expense of the Bohemian museum in 5 vols. 4to. An imperial decree directed that the orthography of this dictionary should be the standard in all schools; but in 1824 another system was adopted by the museum, superseding that of Jungmann, who himself in his later works conformed to the new orthography. His other great work was a "History of Bohemian Literature," which is valuable as a catalogue of Tcheck books. Of his many translations from English, that of Paradise Lost is the most remarkable.—R. H.
JUNIUS or DU JOHN, Francis, a learned theologian and philologist, was born of a noble family in Bourges in 1545. At the age of thirteen he commenced the study of law; but, after spending two years in preparing himself for the legal profession, he removed to Lyons, where he wasted his time in desultory studies without any fixed plan or object, and had his religious principles shaken by an infidel companion. A popular tumult against the protestants compelled him to quit Lyons and return to his paternal roof at Bourges, where his sceptical doubts were speedily dispelled by his father's arguments, and his christian principles so firmly re-established that he resolved to devote himself to the office of the ministry. With this view he went to Geneva to study the classics; but the assassination of his father by the Romanists, which took place soon after, deprived him of his means of subsistence, and he was compelled to support himself by teaching a school. In 1565 he was appointed minister of the secret French congregation of Huguenots in Antwerp, a position of great danger in consequence of the religious quarrels which then raged in the Netherlands. Young as he was, he was already celebrated for his learning, his eloquence, and his courage.
