up his abode, and continued to reside and teach down to the period of his death. Djélal was frequently involved in controversy. His principal protector was the Sultan Aladdin Kaïk Abad; and such was his modesty that at the advanced age of fifty he left off teaching and became a student at the theological school of Konia, at that time under the direction of the Sheiks Salah Eddin Kerkab and Hassan Eddin. Under these celebrated ulemas he prosecuted with considerable zeal his "heavenly studies." The most important of Djélal's writings is the "Metsneri," which is considered as the standard moral and theological poem of Persic and north-western Arabia. It contains five thousand distichs, and proves satisfactorily that Djélal knew how to combine literature and religion, and the graces of the mind, with the higher duties and loftier aspirations of a divine. Some of the prayers are intermixed with benedictions in Arabic, written on long narrow rolls of paper, ornamented with miniatures, which make the "Metsneri" a very great literary curiosity. Djélal and his illustrious teacher, Schems Eddin, were buried at Konia by the side of Beha-Eddin.—Ch. T.
DJEM, commonly called Zizim by the christians, a Turkish prince, born in 1459. He was the second son of Mahomet II., and brother of the famous Bajazet. Djem, instigated by ambition, attempted, on the death of his father, to possess himself of the sovereign authority. He raised an army, against which Bajazet sent an old general called Achmet Gheduc. Upon the complete overthrow of his forces at Yenischehr, Djem abandoned his government of Konia, and began a series of wanderings and adventures of the most romantic description. He roamed for some time in western Asia, than passed over to Rhodes, whence he made his way into France. There he sojourned six years. He embarked from Marseilles in 1488, landed at Civita Vecchia, and was conducted to Rome where he had an interview with the pope. He was poisoned at Terracina in 1495.—R. M. A.
DJEMLAH or JEMLAH, Mohammed, originally a poor boy of Ispahan, acquired immense riches by trading in diamonds. He rose into high favour with the king of Golconda. That potentate, however, soon becoming jealous of him, Djemlah transferred his allegiance to Aurengzebe, whom he induced to invade the territories of his former protector. Aurengzebe made him an emir, and put him into the highest posts. He was charged with the expedition against the Deccan, and while conducting another against Assam he fell sick and died.—R. M., A.
DJERIR, an Arabian poet, who died about 728; better known under the name of Abou-Harza, and also il Basry, that is, the Bassorian. He was secretary to the Sultan Abdel-Melick during the wars against the Guebres, and kept an interesting diary of the events of the period. Djerir's account of the sultan's latter moments is highly interesting. Abdel-Melick gave him a pension of four thousand drachmas a year, which he lost at the death of the sultan. Djerir was, however, more of a satirist than of a panegyrist. Speaking of the forty-three Bassorian poets, who had spoken of his "Erotic Effusions" as "awkward and gallopped"—"Alas! alas!" says he; "what a pity it is that any production of the human intellect should be described by such ostriches!" Two celebrated poets, Ackaiti and Farazdack, took an opportunity of harassing him, using every weapon that came in their poetical way; but the Bassorian's was not a mind to be crushed by insult, and he steadily pursued his poetical course, regardless alike of blame or praise. In the libraries of Bagdad, Bassora, Ispahan, and Chiraz, there are bags full of Djerir's works completely destroyed by white ants. Even Ackaiti's and Farazdack's rolls have not been spared by those destructive insects. The "Erotic Effusions" of Djerir, forming a sort of second volume, is very scarce. It is an Arabic version explained in Persian, neatly written in Edalick, the words explained being marked in red, and written in Neskhi.—(Chrestomath. Arabica.)—Ch. T.
DJERHERY, Ismaïl ben-Hammad, a most celebrated Arabian lexicographer, born in the Marawerama (Transoxanus), about the middle of the tenth century. In his twelfth year he accompanied his father to Egypt and Asia Minor, where he attained a thorough command of the fifteen Arabic dialects; an acquisition which he turned to account in his "Sihah Alloghat, or Pure Language," an Arabic dictionary explained in Turkish, with such Turkish words as occur in Persian and Arabic authors. The circumstances of the death of Djerhery resemble the mythological close of Icarus' flying career. Being anxious to make a philological journey to unknown regions, he had a pair of wings adapted to his shoulders, tried them to take his flight from a lofty tower, fell down, and expired shortly afterwards on the ground. The "Sihah" is an immortal work, which, though unfinished (it stops at the letter Dha) is the only original Arabic dictionary to which the scholar and philosopher can refer; all others being mere translations or modifications of the "Sihah."—Ch. T.
DJEZZAR, Ahmed, surnamed the Butcher, Pacha of Acre, was born in Bosnia about 1735, and died at Acre in 1804. He fled from his country at seventeen years old, and being in great misery, sold himself to a slave-dealer at Constantinople from whom he was purchased by Ali-Bey. Ali put him among his mamelukes and employed him to assassinate troublesome persons. On his refusing to dispatch Saleh-Bey he had to flee from Egypt. He then, after some wanderings, entered the service of Syria. He became pasha of Acre, and had also the pashalic of Damascus added to his government. It was during the period of his reign that the famous but unsuccessful siege of Acre by Napoleon took place.—R. M., A.
DJORDANI, Séid-Schéif Zein-ed-din Abou'l-Hassan ben-Mohammed ben-Ali. Few Arabian writers during the first half of the fourteenth century enjoyed a higher degree of fame than Djordani. He was born in 1339 at Edgon, near Atterabad, in the Djordjan; never was ill in his life, and died in 1413, within two days of completing his seventy-fourth year. Djordani was educated at Cairo, and thence went to the hospital of Chiraz in Persia, where he was appointed professor of health by Schah Schodja. Djordani's "Carifat, or Book of Definitions," is a most valuable encyclopædia. The first volume comprises astronomy; music; drawing, with views of the temples at Balbec and Palmyra, mosques and pagodas; philosophical discussions; hunting scenes, &c. The second contains mathematics, and the botany, entomology, and natural history of Persia. The third relates to military operations, field movements of cavalry, military bridges, and the passage of rivers, with the principal battles and sieges of Tamerlane, who, annoyed at so much talk about tents and tent-life, "sent that old gossip in exile to Samarcand, to mind his own business." Djordani's "Doctrina Mystica" of the Sophis has been partly translated into French by Sylvestre de Sacy. The letter Elif is the only complete one. Flügel has revised and published the original test.—(Chrestomath. Arabica.)—Ch. T.
DLUGLOZ, John (in Latin Longinus), a celebrated Polish historian, was born at Beremita in 1415; died at Cracow in 1480. His father was staroste or governor at Noweguiasto. He studied at Nowi-Kozeczyn college and at the university of Cracow. At the age of seventeen he was introduced to the Polish cardinal, Hignien Olesmicki, who appointed him curate of Klobucks Wisliça, and afterwards canon of Sandomir and Cracow. As a diplomatist, Dlugloz greatly distinguished himself in settling the long and well-known war between John Humgard, governor of Hungary, and Iskra, governor of Bohemia. He signed afterwards two treaties of peace—the first between Casimir IV., king of Poland, and Godiebrad, king of Bohemia; and the second in 1465 between Casimir IV. and the Teutonic knights. He had a great share in the pacific settlement of the affairs of Moldavia and Wallachia, two countries which at that time formed a part of the kingdom of Poland. After his return from Rome, where he had been sent as an ambassador to the Pope Nicolas, he was appointed special teacher to Casimir's two sons, Wladislas, afterwards king of Bohemia, and John Albertus, afterwards king of Poland. Dlugloz's "Historiæ Poloniæ Libri XII." is a very remarkable collection, containing, as it does, exact and reliable information relating to the succession of Polish kings and archbishops of the most interesting period of the history of Poland, and many other parliamentary subjects. It is a singular and curious work, which has thrown much light upon the real state of affairs in Poland. Dlugloz died poor. He is entitled to honour for the philanthropic establishment he created in Warsaw, for the support of jurisconsults, under the name of "Dlugloz's Purse."—Ch. T.
DMOSCHOWSKI, Francis Xavier, a Polish critic and historian, born in Podlagnia in 1762; died at Warsaw in 1808. He studied at Prohiczyn college, where he distinguished himself, and became a member of the Piaristes congregation, and subsequently professor at Lomza, Badon, and Warsaw colleges. He was among the first to move in organizing political associations
