—a work characterized by Mignet as a Gil-Blas less witty, but more moral than Le Sage's. In the following year Droz obtained the Montyon prize for his treatise, "De la Philosophie morale," and in 1832 became a member of the French Academy. In 1839 he wrote his "Histoire du Règne de Louis XVI.," the third volume of which did not appear till 1842. The fame of this work, which may be justly considered Droz's masterpiece, set his name in the front ranks of literature. We are more inclined to admire the writer than to adopt his views; the quiet cast of his mind was ill-adapted to comprehend the greatness of that stormy epoch; we judge the works more as a reflection of the man than of the times on which they were engaged. His last moments were marked by the serenity which was so prominent a feature of his life. He took, Mignet tells us, a tender leave of his friends—
" They thought him dying when he slept,
And sleeping when he died."
In addition to the works already mentioned, he has left us "Discours sur le droit public;" "L'Economie politique;" and "Pensées sur le christianisme, preuves de sa vérité."—A. J. N.
DROZ, Henri Louis Jacquet, born at Neufchâtel in 1752; died in 1791. Son of Pierre Jacquet, inheriting his talents and profiting by his instruction, he spent his life in similar pursuits, and had the satisfaction of being of even more practical use to his fellow-men. His greatest invention was that of artificial limbs, the lasting benefit of which can hardly be overestimated. The son of the famous General La Reynière was the first to profit by it. Droz also constructed two wonderful automatons—one of which was a skeleton, the other a pianist. With his father's talents, more than his delicacy had descended to Droz; and in 1784 a threatening of consumption forced him to seek rest at Geneva. While there he married, and during the same year was elected member of the Society for the Encouragement of Art. The warm climate afforded but temporary relief. Shortly after he removed to Naples, where he died.—A. J. N.
DROZ, Pierre-Jacquet, was born at Neufchâtel in 1721, and died at Bienne in 1790. This celebrated mechanic had gone through a course of study at Bâle, with a view to entering the church; when, on visiting his home, he became so much interested in his sister's occupation of watch-making, that he resolved to abandon his first chosen profession, and devote himself entirely to mechanics. He soon gained distinction by his valuable improvements in the art of clock-making, and his various ingenious inventions won for him the patronage of Philip V. of Spain. His chef-d'œuvre was a writing automaton, which was so perfectly formed, that the finger-joints were visible, and the characters it traced quite clear. Droz suffered from weak health, but laboured indefatigably till the last.—A. J. N.
DROZ, Pierre Jean, a Swiss mechanic and engraver for the mint, was born at Neufchatel in 1746, and died in 1823. Being related to Jacquet Droz, he spent much time in his workshop in Paris, when he went there at the age of twenty, and owed somewhat of his future success in mechanics to the help and encouragement received from the celebrated inventor. His talent soon developed itself, especially in one direction; and in 1786 he presented Calonne, who was then occupied with reform in the coinage, with a scheme for simplifying the stamping of money. In 1789 he employed himself in perfecting the steam-engine, and in the following year invented a method of printing coins with equal precision and speed. Political events prevented Calonne from immediately carrying out his projects, so Watt and Boulton easily obtained from him permission to invite Droz to England. He accepted the invitation, and remained for some time at the head of their association for printing coins. During the republic Droz returned to Paris, and in September, 1802, was again engaged in his favourite pursuits. The jury awarded him the great golden medal, and thus expressed their satisfaction—"The machines which this artist has invented, and those which he has perfected, have met with a success we should refuse to believe, had we not seen it." In 1803 he was confirmed in his situation as director of the administration of the coinage by the emperor, with the title of protector of the financial museum. It is impossible to enumerate more than a few of Droz's works. His labours were extensive; his ardour unquenchable. To him we owe that beautiful coin the Napoleon, and the execution of many fine medallions. The best of these are "General Bonaparte," "Bonaparte as Emperor," and "Lord Elliot." In private life Droz was much beloved.—A. J. N.
* DRUMANN, Karl Wilhelm, a German historian, was born at Danstedt, near Halberstadt, 11th June, 1786. Though intended for the church by his father, he clung to the study of history and ancient literature; and after having lectured for some years, was called to the chair of history at Königsberg in 1817. His principal works are—"Ideen zur Geschichte des Verfalls der grichischen Staaten;" "Die Inschrift von Rosette;" "Geschichte Roms in seinem Übergange von der republikanischen zur monarchischen Verfassung," 6 vols.; "Grundriss der Kulturgeschichte," and "Geschichte Bonifacius VIII.," 2 vols.—K. E.
DRUMMOND, the name of a noble Scottish family descended from Maurice, a Hungarian, who accompanied Edgar Atheling and his two sisters to Scotland in 1068. Margaret, the elder of these two princesses, married Malcolm Canmore, and through her favour Maurice acquired large possessions in his adopted country. One of his descendants, Annabella, daughter of Sir John Drummond of Stobhall, became the queen of Robert III., and mother of the accomplished monarch, James I. of Scotland. Margaret, daughter of the first Lord Drummond, was the mistress of James IV., who, it is said, was affianced to her, and meant to make her his queen, when she suddenly died, along with her two sisters, with symptoms exciting a strong suspicion of poison. It was generally believed that the unfortunate lady fell a victim to the jealousy of some of the Scottish nobles. James, fourth Lord Drummond, was created Earl of Perth in 1605. His grandson, the third earl, was appointed justice-general of Scotland by the duke of York in 1682, and gained the confidence of that weak and hard-hearted bigot by the cruelty with which he persecuted the covenanters. It was he or his brother, General Drummond, another notorious persecutor, who brought into use the steel thumbscrew, which inflicted the most exquisite torment on the unhappy prisoners, from whom it was sought to wring confession by torture. In 1684 he was appointed chancellor in the room of the earl of Aberdeen, who was dismissed from office for resisting the proposal that husbands should be held responsible and punished for the absence of their wives from church. Two years later, in order to supplant Queensberry the treasurer in the royal favour, Perth and his brother. Lord Melfort, apostatized from the protestant religion, declaring that their conversion to the Romish faith was owing to the papers found in the strong box of Charles II. On the expulsion of the Stewarts, Perth fled from his residence in abject terror, and took refuge on board a vessel which lay in the Frith of Forth. But he was pursued, discovered in the hold of the ship disguised in woman's clothes, and dragged on shore and committed to jail amid the mingled execrations and threats of the mob. He was afterwards allowed to retire to the continent, and terminated his miserable life in exile. His brother John, Lord Melfort, one of the most unprincipled and rapacious favourites of James VII., followed his master in his flight, was for a considerable time confidential minister at St. Germains, and contributed not a little to the total ruin of the Stewart cause. James showed his appreciation of the services of the earl of Perth by conferring upon him after his flight the title of duke, which however, was not recognized by the British government. The grandson of the titular duke, along with his brother Lord John Drummond, joined Prince Charles Stewart in his attempt to regain the throne of his ancestors, and commanded the right wing of the jacobite army at the battle of Prestonpans. On the march into England the duke was named general, but speedily resigned the appointment, in consequence of a misunderstanding which sprung up between him and Lord George Murray. After the ruin of Charles' cause the duke, along with his brother and other leading jacobites, embarked on board a French vessel for the continent; but he had long been in bad health, and died on the voyage.
Another branch of the Drummond family is descended from James, younger son of the second Lord Drummond, who in 1609 was advanced to the peerage with the title of Baron Maderty. His grandson William, fourth baron, was created Viscount Strathallan in 1686. He adopted a military career, and held a high command in the Scottish army which marched into England in 1648, for the rescue of King Charles I. After the failure of that expedition he passed over to Ireland, and joined the marquis of Ormond then in arms for the king. He took up arms in behalf of Charles II., and commanded a regiment at the battle of Worcester, where he was taken prisoner. He effected his escape, however, and continued for some time in arms in the
