Highlands. He afterwards entered the Russian army, and attained the rank of lieutenant-general. On the Restoration he returned home, and was appointed commander of the forces in Scotland, and a lord of the treasury. He died in the year of the Revolution. William, fourth Viscount Strathallan, joined Prince Charles in 1745, and was slain at the battle of Culloden. The forfeited honours of the family were restored by act of parliament in 1824. Andrew Drummond, founder of the famous banking-house in London which still bears his name, belonged to the Strathallan branch of the Drummond family.—J. T.
William Drummond, an eminent Scottish poet, was born in 1585. His father, Sir John Drummond of Hawthornden, was descended from the Drummonds of Carnock, a branch of the illustrious house of Stobhall, which gave a queen to Scotland in the person of Annabella Drummond, wife of Robert III. William Drummond was educated at the high school and the university of Edinburgh, and afterwards studied civil law at Bourges in France. After an absence of four years he returned to Scotland, on the death of his father in 1610; and taking up his residence at his ancestral seat of Hawthornden, situated in a most romantic position on the river Esk, he devoted himself to literature. His earliest production was a work in prose entitled "The Cypress Grove," containing reflections upon death, written after his recovery from a severe illness. This was followed by "Flowers of Zion, or Spiritual Poems." The sudden death of a young lady of the name of Cunningham, to whom he was betrothed, so overwhelmed him with grief that he abandoned his home, and spent eight years on the continent, visiting the principal cities and universities, cultivating the society of learned men, and forming a collection of valuable books and manuscripts, which he presented to the university of Edinburgh. On his return to Scotland, he found the kingdom distracted by the political and ecclesiastical contentions which ultimately issued in the great civil war. He retired to the seat of his brother-in-law, Sir John Scot of Scotstarvet in Fife, where he wrote his "History of Scotland, from the year 1423 until 1542," a work of very little value. In 1632 he married Elizabeth Logan, granddaughter of Sir Robert Logan of Restalrig, in whom he traced a resemblance to his former mistress; and took up his residence again in the family mansion of Hawthornden. When the civil war broke out, Drummond, whose principles led him to embrace the cause of Charles I., wrote a number of pieces in behalf of the royal claims, and in consequence was exposed to frequent annoyances from the covenanters, who compelled him, according to the tenure by which he held his estate, to furnish his quota of men and arms to support the party to which he was opposed. He died 4th December, 1649, his decease having been hastened, it is said, though on questionable authority, by grief for the tragical fate of his sovereign. Drummond was an accomplished scholar, and was familiarly acquainted with the modern as well as with the classical languages. He was a proficient in music, and devoted a considerable portion of his time to the invention or improvement of various instruments and machines. He cultivated the friendship of the leading authors of the day. Ben Jonson entertained for him so strong a regard, that in the year 1619 he travelled from London on foot, for the express purpose of paying him a visit. Drummond committed to writing some memoranda of Jonson's conversation during the three or four weeks he spent at Hawthornden, together with his own impressions of his guest's character. These were never meant for publication; but many years after Drummond's death they were brought to light and published, and the poet's memory has in consequence been most absurdly attacked, as if he had been guilty of a breach of faith. Drummond's poems are characterized by delicate sensibility, warmth of fancy, and purity of language, combined with great skill in versification; but they are frequently disfigured by Italian conceits. He was one of the best sonneteers of his age, and his sonnets are polished and elegant, with fewer conceits and more elevation of sentiment than in his other poems.—J. T.
DRUMMOND, Henry, long M.P. for West Surrey, was the eldest son of the late Henry Drummond, the London banker, by the daughter of Henry Dundas, the first Viscount Melville, he was born in 1786, and entered parliament early in the present century. One of his first attempts in authorship was a pamphlet, published in 1822—"Observations on the Circulation of the Apocrypha," which he followed up by numerous publications on every possible subject, from the currency and the poor man's beer to the most subtle questions of theology and politics. When the late Edward Irving broached his most extraordinary theories, he found a willing and helpful disciple in Mr. Drummond, who kept open house at Albury in Surrey, for the expositors of, and believers in, the new doctrine. Although a man of the world, and mixing freely in general society, Mr. Drummond contributed most liberally, with pen and purse, to the Catholic Apostolic church, of which he was a leading office-bearer. In the house of commons, Mr. Drummond was distinguished by an outspokenness and caustic trenchancy, which seldom failed to procure for him an attentive audience He represented West Surrey since 1847. His death occurred on the 20th February, 1860.—F E.
DRUMMOND, Thomas, Captain, inventor or adapter of the light which bears his name, was born in Edinburgh in the October of 1797, and educated at the famous high school of the Modern Athens. Entering, at sixteen, as a cadet the royal military academy at Woolwich, he distinguished himself by his mathematical and scientific proficiency, and in due time was drafted into the engineer corps. From Chatham, he was removed to Edinburgh, when there was little scope for the display of his abilities; and at one time, while stationed in the metropolis of the north, he was on the point of quitting military service for the bar, and actually entered himself at one of the London inns of court. At this crisis in his career, he became acquainted with Colonel Colby, who invited him to take part in the trigonometrical survey; and, satisfied as he became with the interesting and scientific duties of this new employment, "arms," did not yield to the "gown." His winters were now spent in London, and there, as everywhere, he was a hard student, devoting himself with a special attachment to chemistry. The mention in one of the chemical lectures which he attended, of the incandescence of lime, fixed his attention instantaneously on his substitute for the Argand lamp, to be used for rendering visible distant stations during the survey. To quote the words of one of his biographers, "It afforded the advantages of concentrating the light as nearly as possible into the focal point of the parabolic mirror, by which the whole light would be available for reflection in a pencil of parallel rays; whereas, of the Argand lamp, only the small portion of rays near the focus was so reflected." About the time of this theory, and the experiments which followed its origination, the trigonometrical survey of Ireland was decided on, and intrusted to Colonel Colby, who immediately associated with himself in the necessary operations, his young friend. Lieutenant Drummond. In the misty climate of Ireland the new light would be particularly valuable; it was tried and found surprisingly successful and most useful. To the same period belongs Captain Drummond's invention of and improvement on that most valuable apparatus, the heliostat. In 1831, with the reform bill movement, Captain Drummond was recommended by his friend, Mr. Bellenden Ker, to Lord Brougham, then chancellor, as a proper person to head the boundary commission appointed to settle the parliamentary limits of boroughs. In this new department of activity. Captain Drummond laboured with the utmost zeal and success; but his intense industry then, as formerly and afterwards, impaired a constitution which had to support the shocks of continuous exposure to the weather in the course of the trigonometrical survey. His discharge of his new functions recommended him to Lord Althorp, afterwards Earl Spencer, and he became the private secretary of the whig chancellor of the exchequer. On the expulsion of his friends from office in 1834, he received, as a reward for his exertions, a pension of three hundred pounds a year On their return to Downing Street, he was sent to Dublin as under-secretary of the viceroy. Lord Mulgrave, now marquis of Normanby. In this arduous and responsible office, he distinguished himself as in every position which he had filled. His most famous achievement was in connection with the Irish railway commission, of which he was appointed the chief in 1838; and the elaborate report drawn up by him survives as a memorial of his practical genius. The labours of his Irish office gave the last blow to his health, which began to fail fast. A tour to the continent sent him back to Dublin, a worn and wasted man. Illness followed illness, and he sank to rise no more on the 15th of April, 1840. Dublin mourned him as a public loss, and his numerous friends regretted the departure of an amiable, upright, and gifted man. Captain Drummond contributed various statements of his theories and accounts of his inventions to the Philosophical Transactions. There is an
