Ireland; recommended to Lord Hardwicke, then lord-lieutenant; received some immediate preferment, and from time to time, as opportunity offered—it was a day of pluralities—he held more than one valuable living. He was chancellor of the diocese of Ferns. In 1812 he gave up his Irish preferments and was presented to the rectory of Willingham in Cambridgeshire. Dudley was felt to have done some service in Ireland. When he ceased to write farces he turned political pamphleteer, and had his projects for the improvement of Ireland, one of which was a plan for the extinction of tithes, and the purchase of landed estates for the clergy. He earned the doubtful praise of an active magistrate, and was rewarded with a baronetcy. In 1816 he was given a stall in the cathedral of Ely.—J. A., D.
DUDLEY, Sir Robert, who, on the continent, styled himself Earl of Warwick and Duke of Northumberland, was born at Sheen in Surrey in 1573, the son of Robert, the celebrated earl of Leicester, by his illicit connection with the Lady Douglas Sheffield. His father loved him, had him carefully educated, and left him the reversion of Kenilworth and the bulk of his estates. Very handsome, very learned, "especially in the mathematics," very expert in all manly exercises, the young Dudley, when he came to years of maturity, was regarded as the ideal of an English gentleman, and made a great impression at court. His adventurous disposition prevented him from sinking into a mere courtier. At a very early age he fitted out at his own expense, and commanded in person, an expedition to the Spanish main, to Trinidad, and the river Orinoco. He had married the sister of the great voyager, Cavendish, whose laurels he burned to emulate; and his account of his expedition, which comprised gallant fights with the Spaniards, is to be found in Hakluyt's Collection. After his return home, he endeavoured to prove his legitimacy and his claims to the earldoms of Warwick and Leicester—attempts which were defeated by his father's widow, the well-known Lettice, countess of Leicester. Withdrawing in disgust to the continent, he settled at Florence, at the court of the grand duke of Tuscany, where he was made chamberlain to the grand duchess, and by the emperor of Germany created a duke of the holy German empire, on which he assumed his grandfather's title of duke of Northumberland. It is to this Englishman, that Italy owes the improvement of the harbour of Leghorn, its erection into a free port, and the early efflux to it of English merchants. To the literature of navigation and nautical theory, Sir Robert Dudley contributed a now extremely scarce work—"Del Arcano del Mare," Florence, 1630, 1646. In medicine, he is remembered as the inventor of "The Earl of Warwick's Powder," one much in vogue so late as the middle of last century. Anthony Wood claims for him the honour of having "been the first person who broke setting-dogs." He lived magnificently in a palace of his own building at Florence, where he appears to have died in the September of 1649. There is a copious and interesting biography of him in the second and enlarged edition of the Biographia Britannica.—F. E.
DUDLEY, Lady Jane. See Gray.
DUDLEY, Robert. See Leicester.
DUDLEY. See Ward.
DUFAU, Fortune, a native of St. Domingo, brought to Paris by a benefactor believed by some to have been his father. He studied painting under David until obliged to enter the military service, in which he was soon made a prisoner and taken to Hungary, where he resided until peace was concluded. On his return to France, Dufau resumed his former career. He had already produced several good pictures, when he died suddenly of disease of the heart in 1821. No relative or friend presenting himself at his death to claim his inheritance, his goods and chattels passed to government; and amongst them is to be found the best of his works, the "Philosopher in Contemplation."—R. M.
DU FAY, Charles François, a celebrated French savan, whose name has been rendered immortal by his discovery of the twofold nature of electricity, was born at Paris on the 14th September, 1698; died 16th July, 1739. At an early age he obtained a lieutenancy in the army, but devoted himself chiefly to science, and was already known by his researches in chemistry and physics, when he accompanied the cardinal de Rohan to Rome, where he imbibed a strong taste for antiquarian studies. In 1733 he was admitted a member of the chemical section of the Academy of Sciences; and quitting the army, he devoted himself exclusively to scientific pursuits, embracing not only chemistry, but anatomy, botany, geometry, and mechanics; in short, all the branches of physical knowledge that were then cultivated. Latterly, however, his attention was concentrated on electricity, in which a powerful interest was at that time excited by the recent remarkable discoveries of the English philosopher, Mr. Gray. Dufay, in repeating Mr. Gray's experiments, observed that a light body, which was repelled by excited or electrized glass, was attracted by an excited stick of sealing-wax, and vice versâ. From this he inferred the existence of two kinds of electricity, similar yet opposite in their nature—vitreous, or that which is produced by rubbing a variety of bodies, of which glass is the type; and resinous, or that which is obtained from sealing-wax, sulphur, &c. This theory, though subsequently abandoned by Dufay himself, is now very generally adopted, with some important modifications which were afterwards introduced by Symmer. Du Fay, in his later years, held under government the office of superintendent of the Jardin des Plantes, which he found in a state of waste and neglect, but left in a flourishing condition; and on his death-bed he recommended as his successor Buffon, the future eminent naturalist, but then unknown to science.—G. BL.
DUFAY, DU FAY, or DUFAIS, Guillaume, more commonly Latinized as Gulielmus, a musician of the fourteenth century. Baini proves his being engaged as a tenor singer in the pontifical chapel in 1380; and since he must have been at least twenty-five years of age to fill that post, we may infer that he was born in 1355 or 1350. He died in 1432. A musical treatise of the beginning of the sixteenth century states him to have been a native of Chimay in Hainault, with such definite preciseness, that its authority may be regarded as decisive of the disputes of historians on the subject of Dufay's nationality. He appears to have visited France, Flanders, and the court of Burgundy, and at the last to have met with the not less famous Egide Binchois, being mentioned with him in a contemporary poem of Martin-le-Franc. Dufay is classed, together with Binchois and our own John of Dunstable, as one of the founders of the art of counterpoint; but the practice of writing in parts prevailed before the time of these musicians. Dufay is said to have been the first to employ suspended discords, and to him is also attributed the extension of the gamut of Guido d'Arezzo, by the addition of some notes above and below it. Some masses of his composition, constructed according to the custom of his age upon favourite secular songs, are preserved in the pope's chapel.—G. A. M.
* DUFF, Alexander, D.D., whose name must ever be honourably associated with the evangelization of India, is a native of Pitlochrie, a small village in the parish of Moulin, Perthshire, where he was born in the year 1802. His father became an earnest christian during the time of the Moulin revival, which took place at the close of the last century during the ministry of Dr. Stewart; and the son appears to have devoted himself from an early period to the work of the ministry. His collegiate life was spent in St. Andrews, where he formed one of the most enthusiastic students and admirers of Dr. Chalmers, whose lectures on moral philosophy he attended (during session 1824-25), although he had previously entered the theological classes. He was known among his class-fellows as a distinguished student, and had taken a leading part in forming a college missionary association; so that when, on the motion of the late Dr. Inglis of Edinburgh, the church of Scotland resolved to establish a mission in India, and a person of approved piety and talents was sought for to organize its plan and commence its operations, the choice fell on Alexander Duff. Unlike most other missionaries, he was left untrammelled by injunctions as to any specific line of operations. Dr. Duff sailed for India by the Lady Holland in October, 1829; but the vessel was shipwrecked about thirty miles off the Cape, and Duff lost all his books and papers with the exception of Baxter's Polyglott Bible. Having re-embarked in another vessel, he again nearly suffered shipwreck, the vessel in which he sailed having been drifted ashore on the banks of the river Hoogly. Having arrived at Calcutta, and taken time to survey carefully the field before him, the plan which presented itself to him as best adapted to the state of India, was one that should partake largely of the educational element; the primary object of which should be to give a well-grounded and liberal education to the youth of India, but with this at every stage combining instruction in the truths and literature of the bible. He was led more especially to the adoption of such a plan, from the conviction that the proper
