favour of Lord Cochrane. A subscription was entered into for the purpose of paying his fine, and when he was expelled the house of commons, he was immediately re-elected by the electors of Westminster. It is now known that Lord Cochrane was entirely innocent of the crime of which he was found guilty, and that it was his chivalrous refusal to give up his uncle, the real culprit, that alone gave any colour to the charge brought against him. (See Lord Brougham's Statesmen of the Time of George III., vol. ii., p. 193.)
As his name had been struck off the list of British naval officers, he was compelled to seek abroad the employment which was denied him at home; and when the South American provinces revolted against the Spanish crown. Lord Cochrane accepted an invitation from the Chilian government to take the command of their navy. He arrived at Chili in November, 1818, and many English officers and seamen, attracted by the celebrity of his name, eagerly enlisted under his command. In the course of a few months he was ready for action, and in February, and afterwards in September, 1819, he made several gallant attacks on the batteries and shipping at Callao, and surprised and captured a number of valuable Spanish ships at Guayaquil. He then sailed for Valdivia—an important and strongly-fortified Spanish town, with a noble harbour protected by fifteen forts. On the 2nd of February, 1820, he attacked this place, and, by a remarkable combination of cool judgment and daring, obtained possession of all the enemy's batteries, and subsequently of the town and province. His own remark on this success is worthy of special notice—"The enterprise was a desperate one; nevertheless, I was not about to do anything desperate, having resolved that unless fully satisfied as to its practicability I would not attempt it. Rashness, though often imputed to me, forms no part of my composition. There is a rashness without calculation of consequences; but with that calculation well founded, it is no longer rashness."
After this splendid achievement Lord Cochrane returned to Valparaiso, where he devoted himself with unremitting assiduity to the equipment of a fleet destined to accompany an expedition to Peru under General San Martin. But he was sadly hindered by the petty jealousies and incapacity of the wretched government which he served. The seamen became mutinous for the want of their pay and prize money; and it was only by pledging his personal faith that Lord Cochrane contrived to get a squadron manned for this new expedition. His little fleet set sail on the 20th of August, and after some annoying delays reached Callao, the seaport of Lima, and anchored in the outer roads. In the inner harbour lay the Esmeralda, a large forty-gun frigate, and two sloops of war moored under the guns of the castle, defended by three hundred pieces of artillery on shore, by a strong boom with chain moorings, and by armed blockships; the whole being surrounded by twenty-seven gunboats. Lord Cochrane resolved to undertake the apparently desperate enterprise of cutting out this frigate from under the fortifications, and led the attack in person. The Spaniards, though at first taken by surprise, made a gallant resistance; but in a quarter of an hour they were completely overpowered, and the captured ship was steered triumphantly out of the harbour under the fire of the batteries on the north side of the castle. Lord Cochrane himself was severely wounded in the affray; but he had only eleven men killed and thirty wounded, while the enemy lost upwards of one hundred and twenty. The Spaniards, who had nicknamed Lord Cochrane "El Diabolo," were so terror-stricken by this astonishing enterprise, that their vessels "never afterwards ventured to show themselves, but left his lordship undisputed master of the coast." In consequence of the base ingratitude and dishonesty of San Martin and the other members of the Chilian government. Lord Cochrane hauled down his flag in 1823, and accepted the invitation of Don Pedro, first regent, and then emperor of Brazil, to take the command of his fleet against a Portuguese squadron which blockaded his northern provinces. His lordship performed this service with his accustomed gallantry and success, in spite of the obstacles thrown in his way by stupid and unprincipled officials. His services were in the end miserably requited, and the Brazilian government, like the Chilian, remained under heavy pecuniary obligations to him.
On his return to England in 1825 Lord Cochrane was received with the distinction which his brilliant exploits deserved. Inaction, however, was most distasteful to his ardent and energetic character, and he was easily induced to assist the Greeks in their struggle to throw off the Turkish yoke. In 1827 he was nominated by the national assembly, admiral of the Greek fleet, and set himself with characteristic zeal to discipline and encourage the sailors, and to reconcile the various factions whose selfish contentions had brought their cause to the brink of ruin. But the fleet was badly equipped and ill-disciplined, and his lordship's efforts were so constantly thwarted by the government that he found it impossible to undertake any enterprise of importance. His return to his own country in 1828 was a scene of unchequered triumph. On the death of his father in 1831 he succeeded to the earldom of Dundonald. In the following year he was restored to his former rank in the British navy. In 1842 he was promoted to the rank of vice-admiral, and was created a knight grand cross of the order of the bath. In 1847 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the British fleet on the North American and West Indian stations. On his return home in 1851 he published a work entitled "Notes on the Mineralogy, Government, and Condition of the British West India Islands." In 1859 he published a "Narrative of Services in the Liberation of Chili, Peru, and Brazil from Spanish and Portuguese Domination," by Thomas, Earl of Dundonald, G.C.B., admiral of the red, rear admiral of the fleet, 2 vols. This work, which saw the light on the eighty-third birthday of its gallant author, gives a deeply interesting account of the singularly brilliant yet chequered career of one who has been justly pronounced "the first seaman of his class, the last seaman of his school," and who was undoubtedly one of the greatest naval heroes this country has ever produced. His death occurred 30th October, 1860.—J. T.
DUNFERMLINE. See Abercromby.
DUNI, Egidio Romoaldo, a musician, was born at Matera in the kingdom of Naples, 9th February, 1709, and died at Paris, 11th June, 1775. He was the eldest of nine children of a maestro di capella, whose salary scarcely sufficed for their support; and though he had little inclination for music his father obliged him to study it, since he was unable to make any other provision for him. In 1718 he entered the conservatorio degli poveri di Gesu Cristo, of which Durante had just been appointed director. In 1735 this famous teacher procured him an engagement to write an opera for Rome, which, under the name of "Nerone," was produced in rivalry with the Olimpiade of his fellow-pupil Pergolese. Duni was sent from the papal city to Vienna, on some secret ecclesiastical mission, and there he produced some works with success. He returned to Naples, and was appointed maestro di capella at the church of S. Nicolo in Bari. In the hope of being cured of a long settled hypochondria, he visited Paris in 1643, came to London the year after, and went thence to Holland, where he was greatly benefited; but on his journey back to Italy he was attacked by robbers, and the nervous excitement consequent upon this misfortune brought back his disease. He was very successful as a composer at Genoa, and was there engaged by the Infanta Don Philip to teach his daughter; and he accordingly resided for some time at the court of Parma. While there, the French language being in great fashion, Duni set some French operas, which were so much admired as to induce him to go to Paris in 1755 or 1757 to reproduce them. In this city a new career was open to him, and he was till the time of his death one of the most popular composers of the French capital.—G. A. M.
DUNKIN, Rev. William, D.D., the fast friend of Swift and Delany, was educated gratuitously at Trinity college, Dublin, in grateful acknowledgment of an estate, which had been bequeathed to the university by a relative of Dunkin's. The board afterwards awarded him an annuity of eighty, and at a subsequent period one hundred pounds. Dr. Bolton, archbishop of Cashel, entertained strong prejudices against "the unhappy genius" of Dunkin—as his Grace in a letter dated April 7, 1735, expresses it—but owing to the warm interference of Swift in his friend's behalf, the prelate's scruples gave way; and in the same year Dunkin was invested with holy orders. But Dunkin proved fonder of literature than of liturgies; and in Swift's poetical controversy with' Bettesworth we find Dunkin in 1735 taking an active and a warm interest, even to the extent of literary participation. Swift was not forgetful of Dunkin's obliging aid; and, in a letter from the dean to Alderman Barber of London, dated January 17, 1737, he insists upon the appointment of Dunkin to an English living. "He is a gentleman of much wit," writes the dean, "and the best English as well as Latin poet in this kingdom. He is a pious
