which he accordingly introduced into Glastonbury. At the same time he became the monarch's confidential counsellor. But he was deprived of his friend and patron by a premature death; and the young King Edwy became his bitter enemy, from a step taken by Dunstan, along with the bishop of Lichfield, at the time of the coronation. After continuing in his position for a time, he was obliged to fly the country. In Flanders he was honourably received by Earl Arnulf, who gave him a residence in the monastery of St. Peter's at Ghent. His removal from Glastonbury was the signal for the long-suppressed hatred of the clergy to the Benedictine rule to break forth. The Benedictines were banished, and their monasteries plundered. On the elevation of Edgar, Edwy's younger brother, to the throne, Dunstan was recalled from exile. When the wittenagemote assembled, he opened it with a discourse, and was consecrated bishop at their unanimous request. Soon after he was appointed successor to the bishop of Worcester, and was thence transferred to London. In 959 he became archbishop of Canterbury, an office which he retained for nearly thirty years. During Edgar's reign Dunstan continued to employ his great influence in church and state for the reformation of the monks, and the amendment of morals among clergy and laity. He raised the monastic establishments from their ruins; reformed the dioceses of Winchester and Worcester, where the canons were displaced by monks; and laboured for the universal practice of celibacy among ecclesiastics. After the death of Edgar, Dunstan's opponents wished to put the younger son, Ethelred, a boy of seven years old, on the throne, that they might obtain paramount influence; but they were disappointed. Yet they took up arms in Mercia, and expelled the Benedictines, who found defenders in East Anglia and Kent. In order to avoid a new rent in the kingdom, a general meeting of the wittenagemote was held at Winchester, and afterwards at Calne in Wiltshire in 977, where Dunstan proved the right of Edward. Ethelred was only ten years old when he succeeded to the throne; but the opponents of Dunstan were not able to annihilate his powerful influence in the government. He died on 19th May, 988, and was buried in the cathedral of Canterbury. Dunstan was a man of great abilities and culture for his day. His will was strong and inflexible. He was a rigid disciplinarian, sparing neither high nor low. His plans were followed out recklessly for he was neither mild, humble, nor scrupulous; yet his life was morally irreproachable. Love of power, ambition, rigidity of determination in all that he undertook, were leading characteristics of his disposition. That he wished to subordinate the civil to the spiritual power, and had extravagant notions of the pope's supremacy, need not surprise any one who considers the time he lived in. Yet he effected a great deal for the church of his day; and his influence in the secular government was salutary.—S. D.
DUNTON, John, an eccentric bookseller and author, was born on the 4th of May, 1659, at Graffham in Huntingdonshire, son of the rector of his native place. Receiving a good education, he was apprenticed at fifteen to a London bookseller, and became a zealous and active whig and dissenter, at a time when the opinions of the "London prentices," as a body, could make themselves be felt at a crisis. In 1685 he started in business for himself as a bookseller and publisher, and married a sister of Samuel Wesley, the father of the founder of methodism. He took advantage of a lull in business, after the duke of Monmouth's rebellion, to visit New England with a cargo of books; and of this visit there is a not uninteresting account in his autobiographical "Life and Errors." He returned to England in 1686, and, after a life of many vicissitudes, died in 1733. Of the innumerable writings of this busy and prolific author, publisher, and bookseller, his "Life and Errors" alone is now read. It is interesting not only for its frank and naïve self-portraiture of an eccentric man, but as a really valuable contribution to the history of English publishing and bookselling. His Athenian Mercury, 1690-96—a selection from which was afterwards published, with the title of the Athenian Oracle—is a very curious periodical, conveying an immense mass of fact, speculation, and advice, suitable for the ordinary reader. Due allowance being made for the difference of the times, the contents of the Athenian Mercury may be compared with the multifarious "answers to correspondents," which bulk so largely in the columns of some of the penny weekly publications of the present day.—F. E.
* DÜNTZER, Johann Heinrich Joseph, a prolific German philologist and litterateur, was born at Cologne, July 11, 1813. Soon after completing his studies, he began his literary career by his works on Latin etymology. For his memoir of the life and writings of J. A. de Thou in 1837, he was awarded a prize. Being frustrated in his ardent wish for a chair in the university of Bonn, he accepted a librarianship in his native town. Besides his valuable contributions to classical learning he has published a long series of commentaries on Göthe's life and poems, and is indeed the most indefatigable living interpreter and critic of this great poet's works. We mention Göthe's Faust, Frauenbilder aus Göthe's Fugendzeit, Freundesbilder aus Göthe's Leben, Göthe's Tasso, &c.—K. E.
DUPATY, Charles-Marguerite-Jean-Baptiste Mercier, an eminent French lawyer, was born at Rochelle in 1746, and died at Paris in 1788. In 1768 he became advocate-general to the parliament of Bordeaux, and afterwards president-a-mortier. He distinguished himself greatly by his firmness and eloquence at the revolution of the magistracy which took place in 1771. He was sent to prison for his bold defence of the privileges of the parliaments; but the voice of the country soon forced the government to set him at liberty. Dupaty was long occupied in promoting a reform in the criminal laws, and published in 1788 "Réflexions historiques sur le Droit criminel." As a man of letters he was known by his academical discourses and "Lettres sur l'Italie."—R. M., A.
DUPATY, Charles Mercier, son of President Dupaty, the great law reformer. He was born at Bordeaux in 1771, and died in Paris in 1825. His father destined him, against his inclination, for the legal career; but, after having taken degrees in 1790, young Dupaty could not resist his bent for art, to which he turned with great alacrity, choosing the branch of landscape. But he was to be once more thwarted. The conscription claimed and retained him until 1795, when he was at last allowed to resume and continue his artistical career. This, however, he did by entirely renouncing painting, and exclusively cultivating sculpture. The first works he produced in this art are rather overdone, and partaking of the convulsed vococo style of the preceding period. The remarks passed upon some of these productions by contemporary artists, drove him once more to study, which he did at Rome. From Italy he continued sending home new and every time more praiseworthy efforts, which secured him a wide-spread and merited fame. Amongst these works are the "Venus Genitrix," and the "Ajax," both bought for government and paid for respectively 10,000 and 15,000 francs (very high figures at that time). They are now one at the jardin des plantes; the other in the palais royal. In course of time Dupaty acquired greater freedom from mere academical tenets and from the dictates of fashion; so much so, that his last productions were even more admired than the early ones.
DUPÉRAC, Etienne, a French artist, flourishing during the last years of the sixteenth century, was born at Bordeaux, and studied in Rome. The result of his long stay in Italy was made evident by the publication of the ancient relics of that metropolis, designed and engraved by him—a work of great precision, and which, unfortunately, is now very rare. On his return to France, Henry IV. named him his architect, and intrusted him with the direction of the works then going on at Fontainebleau. Dupérac profited by the occasion to execute several pictures for that palace. Died in 1601.
DUPERRÉ, Victor Guy, Baron, a celebrated French seaman, was born at Rochelle, February 20, 1775. He was first employed in the merchant service, but afterwards joined the royal navy. In 1795 he was taken a prisoner to England. Being exchanged in 1799, he was appointed to the command of a brig, and a few years afterwards became captain of the frigate La Sirene. In the Bellona he had the rare good fortune to take an English corvette and some merchant vessels, and escaped with his prizes into the harbour of the Isle of France. Returning to France at the commencement of 1811, the emperor created him a baron. In the same year he was nominated admiral, and commanded the French marine forces, such as they were, in the Mediterranean. His conduct towards the men under his command in the difficult circumstances that followed the fall of Napoleon, proved him equally able and considerate. In 1818 he was sent to the Antilles, and bravely pursued the pirates who infested the neighbouring seas; for this campaign he received the cordon of grand officier of the legion of honour. In 1823 during the war with Spain, he led the squadron which besieged Cadiz; he
