and soon after entirely. Leaving the army, he became in July, 1781, a citizen of Pennsylvania, and in October was appointed secretary to R. R. Livingston, tbc head of the department of foreign affairs. After twenty months, Duponceau began the study of law, and was admitted to practice as attorney in 1785. In 1788 he married, and in 1791 was appointed sworn interpreter of foreign languages. During the rest of his days he led a retired life, attending to his professional duties. He soon rose to eminence as a lawyer, and was offered the important office of chief justice of Louisiana by President Jefferson. He translated a number of valuable foreign law books, and wrote on professional subjects. As chairman of the committee of history, moral science, and general literature, established by the American Philosophical Society, Duponceau presented a report on the "Structure of the Indian Languages," which gained him much reputation, the degree of LL.D., and an election, as corresponding member of the French Institute in the academy of inscriptions. In May, 1835, Count de Volney's prize of Linguistique was awarded by the same body to his "Memoir on the Indian Languages of North America," published in Paris. He also became interested in the Chinese language, strenuously maintaining that the written character is wholly lexigraphic, not ideographic—a representation merely of sound, not of a distinct idea. His dissertation on the Chinese language, published in 1838, when he was already seventy-eight years old, was the last of his philological productions. He belonged to more than forty different literary and scientific bodies, and published about the same number of works, from the size of a discourse before a society to a law-book in two volumes octavo. He died in 1844.—F. B.
* DUPONCHEL, P. A. J., a distinguished French entomologist. He was formerly head of the department of war in France. He is a chevalier of the legion of honour, and member of many of the learned societies of Paris. He has published many papers on insects in the Transactions of the Entomological Society of France, in the Revue Zoologique, and other scientific periodicals. In conjunction with M. Godart, he is the author of a great work "On the Natural History of the Butterflies of Europe," accompanied with figures by M. Delarue, in thirteen volumes octavo. He has also published a supplement to the same work in forty volumes, and an illustrated work on the "Caterpillars of the Butterflies of France;" also an arranged "Catalogue of the Butterflies of Europe," to serve as a complement and rectification of the first work.—E. L.
* DUPONT, Pierre, poet, born at Lyons in 1821. Left an orphan while yet an infant, he was placed by an old friend of the family, a priest, in the seminary of Argentiere; and when old enough, was appointed to a little situation in a banking-house. Having drawn an unlucky number for the conscription, he would have been obliged to serve as a soldier, had he not written a poem of sufficient merit to satisfy the fastidious taste of an academician. Through the efforts of M. Pierre Lebrun the poem, "Les Deux Anges," brought a sufficient sum to purchase a substitute; and the poet was provided with a small but congenial employment in the academy itself. Dupont first attracted public attention by a collection of rustic songs, which had the prime merit of being truthfully characteristic. Encouraged by his success in rendering the natural sentiments of Breton peasants in their rough and racy sweetness, the poet resolved upon giving a musical tongue to the complaints and aspirations of the denizens of the workshop. Although his early association with the city of Lyons, as famous for its republican outbreaks as for its silk manufacture, would seem to have fitted him for the desired transformation from a Bloomfield into a "corn-law rhymer," yet would it have been better for his reputation had he not quitted the field for the angry atmosphere of the loom. It must be admitted notwithstanding, that, by the momentarily triumphant reds of 1848, Pierre Dupont was hailed with enthusiasm. The republic had more than enough of philosophers, but it wanted a poetic voice to turn its doctrines and sentiments into household words; and Dupont appeared at the right moment, and without a rival. Some of his songs were for a time chaunted in chorus throughout the workshops of the Faubourgs. They were circulated by thousands so long as the republic lived even in name. After its overthrow they disappeared through some mysterious agency from every bookstall, and were no more heard than the Marseillaise. Still it may be doubted whether, under any circumstances, they could have maintained the popularity more legitimately due to his rustic melodies; for Dupont's characteristics are rather sensibility, tenderness, and grace than indignation and reckless resolution, such as he has only artificially exhibited in his socialist compositions. His poetry, irrespectively of political considerations, is regarded with favour by excellent literary critics.—J. F. C.
DUPONT DE L'ÉTANG, Pierre, Count, a distinguished French general, was born at Chabannais in 1765, and died in 1838. In early life he saw a good deal of active service, particularly in the Netherlands. Already named general of brigade in 1793, he fought at Hondscoote and Menin, where he forced a battalion of grenadiers under Prince Hohenlohe to lay down their arms. Dupont, after the Reign of Terror, attached himself to Napoleon, and distinguished himself greatly at the battle of Marengo. He was made governor of Piedmont, held high command in the army of Italy, and proved his bravery and skill in many of the great battles which signalized the consulate and empire. He was afterwards disgraced by the emperor. On the first restoration he was made a peer of France, and for a very short time held the office of minister of war. He was admitted a member of the privy council after the Hundred Days. Dupont published some poems.—R. M., A.
DUPONT DE L'EURE, Jacques-Charles, a French statesman, was born at Neubourg in 1767, and died in 1855. He was an advocate in the parliament of Normandy, and eagerly embraced the principles of the Revolution. He held various posts under the republic and empire, and was called to the corps législatif in 1813. Vice-president of the chamber during the Hundred Days, he distinguished himself by his firmness, and by the part which he took in the negotiations with the allied sovereigns. During a long parliamentary career from 1817 till the revolution of 1848, he uniformly opposed whatever measures he deemed of a retrograde or anti-liberal tendency. In the latter year he was chosen president of the provisional government; but not being re-elected a representative in 1849, he retired into private life. His countrymen regard him as one of the most honourable and consistent statesmen of the difficult times in which he lived.—R. M., A.
DUPONT DE NEMOURS, Pierre-Samuel, a French political economist, was born at Paris in 1739, and died in 1817. Dupont was a follower of Quesnay, whose opinions and principles he advocated and popularized in the Journal de l'Agriculture, du Commerce et des Finances, and in the Ephemérides du Citoyen. After a sojourn in Poland, whither he had gone on the invitation of the king, Stanislas Poniatowski, he returned to France, when his friend Turgot was placed at the head of affairs in 1774. He followed that minister into retirement; and having settled at Gâbinais, near the town of Nemours, divided his time between agriculture and letters. He there wrote his "Memoires sur la vie de Turgot," and occupied his leisure hours in translating the Orlando Furioso into French verse. He was recalled to active political life by Vergennes; was admitted a member of the council of state, and named commissaire général of commerce. His life being troublous, and occasionally in danger during the earlier stages of the republic, he went to America, but returned in 1802, when he refused several political posts offered him by Napoleon. He was secretary to the provisional government in 1814, and at the Restoration was appointed councillor of state; but, on the return of Napoleon in 1815, he withdrew from France, disgusted with change and revolution, and eventually sailed for America, where he rejoined his sons, and two years afterwards found a grave. He was a very voluminous author.—R. M., A.
DUPORT, James, an English philologist, was born at Cambridge in 1606, and died in July, 1679. Son of the master of Jesus college, he was elected to the Greek chair in the same university in 1632. He was deprived of this office during Cromwell's protectorate, but being reinstated at the Restoration, was soon afterwards appointed dean of Peterborough and chaplain to Charles II. The following are among his chief works—"Tres libri Salomonis, scilicet Proverbia, Ecclesiastes, Cantica, Græco carmine donati," Cambridge, 1646; "Gnomologia Homeri, cum duplici parallelismo ex sacra scriptura, et gentium scriptoribus," 1660; "Metaphrasis libri Psalmorum versibus Græcis contexta, cum versione Latina," 1666; "Musæ Subsecivæ, seu Poetica stromata," 1676.—A. J. N.
DUPPA, or also, according to Anthony Wood, DE UPHAUGH, Brian, bishop successively of Chichester, Salisbury, and Winchester, was born at Lewisham on the 10th of March, 1588. He was educated at Westminster and Christ Church,
