Indians. Allotting the number to each, and seizing their masters' tomahawks, they used them so effectively that only one woman and a boy escaped alive. Mrs. Duston killed her master, and Leonardson himself scalped his teacher. Scuttling all the boats but one, and armed and provisioned from the Indian stores, they started at dawn in the remaining boat, and, floating down the Merrimack, they reached home without trouble. The ten scalps and the Indian arms proved the truth of their story, and the general court gave them £50 as a reward, which was increased by many gifts from other quarters.—F. B.
DUTENS, Joseph Michel, political economist, born at Tours, October, 1765, where his father carried on the business of a merchant, dignifying his pursuits by love of the fine arts. His liberally-educated and thoughtful son turned his attention to political economy, of the principles of which he published an analysis in 1804. The time, however, was not favourable to such studies. After the termination of the reign of Napoleon, and upon the restoration of the Bourbons, men who, like Dutens, showed themselves capable of pointing the way to national recovery from the exhaustion of long wars, became objects of government favour. In 1818 Dutens was sent on a mission to England, to study the public works, the result of which he gave in a report recommending the erection of canals according to the Bridgewater system. Following up his views on the subject with ardent tenacity, he in 1829 supported his advocacy of an extended system of internal navigation by a work filled with statistical details of the wealth of the country in every sort of production. His economical doctrines seem, however, to have undergone a change from their early liberal and progressive character to one of an opposite kind, which brought him into controversy with the few enlightened free-traders, who were at the time engaged in a struggle against that monopolizing spirit which even yet predominates in France. The Academy of Sciences, to show its sympathies with protectionist principles, elected Dutens a member of their body. Laying his doctrines aside, his works remain valuable for their vast amount of statistical information. His work on the revenue of France from 1815 to 1835 contains amass of details, and is a standard book of reference. He died in August, 1848.—J. F. C.
DUTENS, Louis, born at Tours in 1729; died in London in 1812. Dutens was of a French protestant family; took orders in the Church of England, and was engaged in the education of several persons of rank, with whom he used to make what was called the grand tour. In 1758 he was appointed chaplain and secretary to Stuart M'Kenzie, envoy extraordinary to the court of Turin. In 1762 he obtained a pension from Lord Bute's administration. He was sent to Turin as chargé des affairès at Turin; and while there planned an edition of Leibnitz's works, which was afterwards published at Geneva. In 1766 the duke of Northumberland gave him the living of Elsdon worth £800 a year, and the king made him a present of £1000. His patron M'Kenzie now died, leaving him £15,000. He passed the rest of his life in study. He published works on numismatics, and on such subjects of social interest as his earlier life of travel was calculated to suggest.—J. A., D.
DUTROCHET, Rene-Joachim-Henri, a distinguished French physiologist and natural philosopher. His family was noble and very rich, and he was born on the family estate at the chateau de Neon in Poitou on the 14th of November, 1776. His father was an officer in one of the regiments attached to the king, and having emigrated his estates were confiscated, and young Dutrochet was obliged to choose a profession. He first joined a regiment of marines at Rochefort, but afterwards deserted and joined the army of Vendee. On the pacification of the disturbed provinces in 1802, he repaired to Paris, and there commenced the study of medicine. In 1808 he was named physician to Joseph Bonaparte, king of Spain. In 1809 he retired with his family to Chateau-Renault, where he gave himself up to the study of the natural sciences. He made extensive observations upon the functions and structure of plants and animals, and is best known in Europe for his essay "On Endosmosis and Exosmosis." His papers on various departments of natural science are very numerous. The most important of his researches were republished in his "Memoires pour servir a l'histoire anatomique et physiologique des vegetaux et des animaux," produced in 1837, with an epigraph to the effect that he regarded all he had published before and not republished in this volume as of no value. He was a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Paris, of the Royal Academy of Medicine, and of many other French and foreign societies. He died at Paris on the 4th of February, 1847.—E. L.
DUVAL, Alexander Vincent, dramatic poet, born at Rennes in 1767. Early in life he entered the navy and served under admiral de Grasse, in support of the American colonists against England, was subsequently soldier, engineer, painter, and actor, fought as volunteer against the invaders of France in 1792, and suffered imprisonment under the Reign of Terror. So good an education for a dramatic career was not thrown away; for when Duval wrote for the stage his plays were characterized chiefly by his stirring plots, which he admirably managed. His first piece, "Edward in Scotland," produced in 1802, had immense success, which excited the suspicion of the police that there were covert allusions to the politics of the times calculated to tickle the audience, and so they would have laid hands on the author, had he not escaped to Russia. On his return a year after, he took the Odeon theatre, and acquired much reputation by his plays, which are very numerous. He died in 1842.—J. F. C.
DUVAL, Amaury, antiquarian, born at Rennes in 1760, was originally connected with diplomacy, having filled the office of secretary of legation at Rome in 1793, when the ambassador, Basseville, was killed in a popular movement. Appointed to Malta, the grandmaster refused to admit an agent of the French republic, on which Duval returned home and devoted himself to letters. He wrote treatises on the sepulture of the ancients; on ancient monuments, and other subjects of a like nature; besides a continuation of the literary history of France, after the benedictines, to which he had for collaborateur M. Danou. He died in 1838.—J. F. C.
DUVAL, George Louis Jacques, born at Valogne, October, 1772. Intended originally for the church, his career was stopped by the Revolution, when, after struggling hard with adverse circumstances, he commenced his career as a dramatic writer by his piece of "Clement Marot," which was followed by several others, now forgotten. He has left an interesting account of his imprisonment during the Reign of Terror, with souvenirs of that terrible period. He died in 1853.—J. F. C.
DUVAL, Valentin Jameray, antiquarian, born at Arthonnay in 1695 of parents so wretchedly poor, that, at ten years old, the little fellow was glad to earn a crust by following the lowest kind of employment in a farmer's yard, where he looked after the pigs and fowl. For some childish folly he was turned off a beggar on the high road, when a good priest took him by the hand and lodged him in a clerical establishment. Here the boy taught himself the ordinary branches of a school education from books lent to him by an honest bookseller of Nancy. An English gentleman, hearing of the lad's capacity, love of study, and poverty, made him a liberal present of money. His good fortune in meeting with generous friends did not end here; for the Duke Leopold of Lorraine seeing him one day, as he was returning from hunting, made inquiries, the result of which so satisfied him that he ordered Duval to be taken to the jesuit's college at Pont-a-Mousson. The duke's son Francis, upon his father Leopold's death, continued the parent's favours. Upon his becoming grand duke of Tuscany, he appointed Duval librarian at Florence; and when subsequently, by his marriage with Marie Theresa, he rose to be emperor of Germany, he transferred his protegé from the library at Florence to that of Vienna. As soon as Duval found himself in a position to choose his course of study, he directed his mind to antiquarian researches, more particularly with relation to ancient medals and coins, regarding which he has left some valuable treatises. As lively as profound he indulged in lighter works of fiction, of which the best known is "Les Aventures de L'Etourderie." He died at Vienna in 1775.—J. F. C.
DUVAUCEL, Alfred, a well-known French traveller and naturalist, born in 1793; died at Madras in 1824. He was a soldier during the last ten years of the empire, and earned such distinction at the siege of Anvers as to be named an officer of artillery. At the Restoration he quitted the army, and under the guidance of Buffon, who had married his mother, commenced the study of natural history. In 1817 he was appointed naturalist to the king, and shortly afterwards was offered a scientific mission to India, which he gladly accepted. At Calcutta he found his countryman Diard, also an enthusiastic naturalist, and with him commenced to form a large museum, and to transmit specimens to his native country. The two friends made exten-
