nunft," 1786. His "Dictionary of Synonyms of the German Language," to which Guizot has directed the attention of many readers, and his "Amyntor," are also well-known works. Eberhard, a staunch supporter of Leibnitz, wrote much and warmly against the doctrines of Kant.—J. S., G.
EBERHARD DE BETHUNE. This writer's name is variously spelled—Ebrard and Everard. The dates of his birth and death are unknown. He was born at the town of Bethune in Artois. He taught grammar, as all polite literature was then called, at Rotterdam, and published a Latin grammar in hexameter verses. Arnold of Rotterdam thought he was communicating to all after ages the date at which Eberhard flourished, but unluckily the lines intended to commemorate the information are of doubtful interpretation, and may be translated so as to express either the year 1124 or 1212. His Latin grammar he called Græcismus, his object being to exhibit the resemblances between the Greek and Latin languages. Other books have been ascribed to him, of which one entitled "Antihæresis" attracted some attention. Some works of his are said to exist in manuscript.—J. A. D.
EBERLIN, Daniel, a musician, was born at Nürnberg about 1630, and died at Cassel in 1691. He went to Rome to study his art, and there enlisted in the army of the pope, in which he served during a war against the Turks. Quitting his military occupation, he returned to Nürnberg, where he obtained an appointment as librarian. This he resigned, to accept the office of kapellmeister at Cassel, which also he soon relinquished; and he went to Eisenach, to fill successively the functions of master of the pages, kapellmeister, private secretary, and inspector of the mint. His versatile career took him next to Hamburg, where he spent some years as a banker; but returned to Cassel to resume his musical appointment, and to fill also that of captain of the local militia. Eberlin had considerable fame as a violinist, and published some compositions of merit, besides writing much which is preserved in MS. in different libraries.—G. A. M.
EBERSTEIN, Wilhelm Ludwig, Baron von, a German philosopher, born at Mohrangen in 1762; died in 1805. He wrote several works upon the history of logic and philosophy which gained him considerable reputation, not only in Germany, but generally on the continent, and also in England.—J. S., G.
EBERT, Friedrich Adolf, an eminent German bibliographer, was born at Taucha, near Leipzig, 9th July, 1791, and died at Dresden, November 13, 1834. In 1814 he was appointed secretary to the royal library at Dresden, whence in 1823 he was called to Wolfenbuttel, but returned two years after to Dresden in the capacity of principal librarian. His General Bibliographical Dictionary stands first among his works. His catalogue of the Greek and Latin manuscripts in the Wolfenbuttel library, and his "History and Description of the Dresden Library," also take a high rank in bibliographical literature.—K. E.
EBERT, Johann Arnold, a German poet and translator, was born at Hamburg, February 8, 1723, and died at Brunswick, as professor in the Carolinum and canon of St. Cyriacus, March 19, 1795. He was a friend of Klopstock, Gellert, and other poets of his time. His original poetry—"Epistles and miscellaneous poems"—have little merit; but his translations from the English bear the true classical stamp. We note the translations of Glover's Leonidas, and Young's Night Thoughts.—K. E.
* EBERT, Karl Egon, a German poet, born at Prague in 1801, was for a long time librarian to the prince of Furstenberg. Besides some volumes of lyrics, he has written several epics and plays, mostly on Bohemian subjects.—K. E.
EBERUS, Paul, an eminent German reformer, and closely associated with Luther and Melancthon, was born at Kitzingen in Franconia in 1511. In 1526 he was sent to the new gymnasium of Nürnberg, where he enjoyed the instruction of the celebrated masters Eoban, Hess, and Joachim Camerarius. His proficiency was so promising, that the senate of that city and one of its highest families joined in supporting him at the university of Wittemberg, to which he repaired in 1532. Attaching himself there with peculiar affection to the person and teaching of Melancthon, he made rapid progress in classical and philosophical studies, and was admitted as an academic teacher into the philosophical faculty as early as 1537. In 1541 he married, Melancthon having a hand in making up the match. In 1554 he was made professor of Latin literature. After the death of John Forster in 1536, he was appointed preacher in the church attached to the electoral castle of Wittemberg, and professor of Hebrew in the university; and upon the death of Bugenhagen in 1559, he was made rector of the city church, and general superintendent of the principality of electoral Saxony, without, however, ceasing to take an active share in the business of the theological faculty. In these highly important offices, in all of which he displayed a high degree of talent and fidelity, he continued till his death on the 10th December, 1569. He took a prominent part in the controversies raised by the Leipzig Interim, and shared largely in the odium which the strict Lutherans cast upon Melancthon and his adherents in the course of the adiaphoristic and crypto-Calvinistic disputes. During Melancthon's life, Eberus was often jocularly called Repertorium Phillippi, as Melancthon never did anything without first consulting him; and he continued till the end of his career to be the faithful representative of his great master's spirit and views. His writings, both in philosophy and theology, were numerous, but need not be here enumerated, as they are no longer of importance. He was also the author of several excellent hymns, some of which are still sung in the churches of Germany, and breathe a warm and lively spirit of faith.—P. L.
EBION is popularly supposed to have been the founder of the Ebionites, a heretical sect which arose in the first century. The whole question, however, touching the origin of this sect, is involved in an obscurity which will probably never be cleared up. It is at least still an unsolved historical problem whether such a person as Ebion ever existed, or whether that name may not have belonged to Cerinthus. By some the term Ebion is reckoned equivalent to the Hebrew word signifying poor people; but amongst those who hold this opinion, it is not a settled point why these early heretics were so designated. They regarded Jesus Christ as a mere man, and formed a sort of jumble of Christian and Jewish practices. Mosheim maintains that they took their origin in the second century.—R. M., A.
EBKO, ECCO, or EYKE DE REPKOW, a Saxon nobleman and native of Anhault. He lived in the first half of the thirteenth century, and employed himself in the useful labour of collecting the Saxon laws. His collection, which was called "Sachsenspiegel, or the Mirror of the Saxons," was adopted by the northern Germans, and by several of the Slavonian nations. It has been very frequently printed, and is extremely valuable to students of mediæval history. Ebko was also the author of the "Saxon Feudal Law" which was published at Strasburg in 1696, and of a short chronicle of universal history.—R. M., A.
EBLÉ, Jean Baptiste, a French officer of artillery, was born in Lorraine in 1758. His father being in the army, he was familiarized with military service from his earliest years; and at the age of twenty-seven accompanied Pommereul to Naples, to discipline the artillery of that kingdom on the French model. He was then a lieutenant; but he rose rapidly under Pichegru and Jourdan, attaining the rank of brigadier-general in 1793. He fought in the army of the Rhine under Morean, distinguished himself by the defence of Kehl against the Archduke Charles, and after the peace of Luneville served in Holland and in Hanover. Latterly he held a command under Napoleon in the expedition to Russia, and died at Königsberg, worn out by the toils of the disastrous retreat.—W. B.
EBLES I., Count of Poitou, succeeded his brother Ranulph II., about the year 890. He claimed also the dukedom of Guienne, in opposition to Aymar, the nominee of Eudes, and held in addition several ecclesiastical lordships; but his tenure of these dignities was brief. He died in 893, when besieging the castle of Brillac—W. B.
EBLES II., nephew and heir of the preceding, was the only son of Ranulph II. Being a child at his father's death in 890, he was educated by his cousin, the count d'Auvergne, who held in his name the duchy of Guienne. He distinguished himself in the struggles of Charles the Simple against the Normans, and at the death of Aymar, the protegé of Eudes, he obtained his heritage as count of Poitou, having previously succeeded Auvergne and Guienne. He was married to a daughter of the Anglo-Saxon king, Edward I., and died in 935.—W. B.
EBOLI, Anne de Mendoza y la Cerda, Princess of, born in 1540 (though most authorities say 1535), was the daughter of Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, viceroy of Peru, and was married in 1553 to Ruy Gomez de Silva, first prince of Eboli, minister of Philip II., and tutor of the unhappy Don Carlos. Her beauty, and still more her genius for intrigue, gave her an ascendancy,
