appliance of the diagonal line entirely removed. It is justly said that Edelinck was the first to reproduce in print the colour, as well as the form, of a picture. He learned his art first under Galle, then in Paris under Poilly. By his print of a "Holy Family," by Raphael, he secured universal attention. The generous friendship of Le Brun provided him with ample scope for exertion, obtaining for him numerous and important orders from Louis XIV. Edelinck, who was as kind a relative as he was a great artist, taught his art to his brothers Jean and Gaspard, and gave them a share of his engagements. The number of his works surpasses four hundred. Amongst them he valued most the portrait of the painter, Philip de Champagne. Those held in greatest esteem now-a-days are, besides the above-named "Holy Family," the portrait of Bogaert the sculptor; the "Visit of Alexander the Great to the Family of Darius;" the "Magdalene;" and the "Christ"—all three after Le Brun; the "Combat of the Four Horsemen," after Leonardo Da Vinci; the portraits of Louis XIV., Colbert, Hozier, Blanchard, Crispin, Mignard, &c. His "Madonna," after Guido, is also much admired. Edelinck was knighted, and made a professor of the academy of the Gobelins in Paris.—R. M.
EDELMANN, Johann Christian, a noted controversial writer of Germany, was born at Weissenfels in 1698, and died in 1767. After studying at Altenburg and Jena, he commenced preaching; but with that inconstancy of character which made him afterwards take up all sorts of opinions, and adhere to none, he now and again exchanged the clerical functions for those of chamberlain, tutor, or some other lay personage. He joined the Herrnhütters, a sect of the Moravian Brothers, headed by the famous Zinzendorf. He separated from them, and published his "Christus und Belial," in which they and their principles were mercilessly reprobated. He was for some time a leading member of a theological coterie at Berlenburg, presided over by Johann Friedrich Haug. The members of this society he castigated in two works, one of which promised in the title hard knocks ("Breite Schlæge auf des Narren Rücken"), and amply redeemed the promise in the text. With every change of opinion, Edelmann changed the place of his abode, until, finding his way to Berlin, he was introduced to Steinburg, who gave him a shelter for his old age, on condition that, while he stayed with him, he should write no more books.—J. S., G.
EDELMAN, Johann Friedrich, a pianist and composer for his instrument, was born at Strasburg in 1749, and died there in 1794. He was educated in the family of the mayor Dieterich, and formed a close intimacy with the son of his patron. With him he went to Paris, where he obtained considerable artistic distinction, and besides publishing many light compositions for the pianoforte, produced some small dramatic works with success. On the death of the mayor, his son returned to Strasburg to succeed him in his office; and thither Edelman went with his friend, where he increased the reputation he had made at Paris. On the breaking out of the Revolution, he entered actively into public affairs, joined the party of the jacobins, and basely betrayed his constant friend, the son of his foster-father. The vicissitudes of that eventful period brought him in turn under the power of the despots of the moment, and he expiated his ingratitude by the guillotine—G. A. M.
EDEMA, Gerard, a Dutch painter, supposed to have been born in Friesland about the year 1652. Like his master, Everdingen, he painted landscapes, abounding in rocks and waterfalls. He especially delighted in the rugged scenes of Norway and Newfoundland; and his pictures of this kind he sold to advantage in London, which he visited in 1670. He died in 1700.—R. M.
EDEN, Sir Frederick Morton, an able statist, whose work—"The State of the Poor, or an History of the Labouring Classes in England from the Conquest to the Present Period, 1797," is pronounced by M'Culloch to be the "grand storehouse of information" on the subject. He was director of the Globe Insurance Company, and wrote on the subject of granting insurance charters; on friendly societies; and on the maritime rights of Great Britain.—J. S., G.
EDEN, George, Earl of Auckland, governor-general of India under Lord Melbourne's second premiership, was born at Eden farm, near Beckenham, Kent, on the 20th August, 1784. He was the second son of the first Baron Auckland (who had received a peerage for his diplomatic services) by a sister of the first earl of Minto—the latter fact partly accounting for his subsequent official elevations. He was educated with a view to the bar, taking his degree at Christ Church, Oxford, and in 1809 he was admitted a member of Lincoln's inn. Next year, however, he became, by the death of his elder brother, heir-apparent to the peerage, and in 1814, on the decease of his father, he took his seat in the house of peers as Baron Auckland. He had sat for a year or two previously as member for Woodstock in the house of commons; but neither there nor in the upper house did he shine as a speaker or legislator, though much esteemed and respected for the amiability and probity of his disposition. In politics he was a sound and consistent whig. On the formation of Earl Grey's first ministry, he was appointed accordingly president of the board of trade and master of the mint, with a seat in the cabinet; and on the resignation of Sir James Graham in 1834, he became first lord of the admiralty in his place. Soon afterwards the whig ministry was dismissed by William IV., but returned to office after a brief interval; and then Lord Auckland was appointed governor-general of India. India was at peace, and Lord Auckland's disposition was thought to be peculiarly fitted for a régime of general conciliation, and mild, social, and educational reform. He quitted England in July, 1834. Three years only had elapsed, when the Anglo-Indian government was entangled in the Affghan war, and the famous Simlah manifesto (1st October, 1838) was issued by the pacific governor-general. It is difficult to adjust the burden of responsibility for that unhappy contest between the home authorities and the governor-general; but Lord Auckland's share in it must be pronounced by history to have been considerable, although mitigated by the circumstance that he was incited to the invasion of Affghanistan, by public opinion both at home and in India, alarmed at the progress of Russia in the east, and by the influence of rash advisers. When the terrible news of the outbreak in Cabul in November, 1841, and afterwards of the sad retreat of the British army in Affghanistan in January, 1842, reached the governor-general in Calcutta, he was approaching the term of his power; for in the autumn of 1841 Sir Robert Peel had become premier, and Lord Ellenborough was nominated to India. Disappointment, regret, the fear of fettering his successor, and the irresolution of a nature never meant to cope with a great disaster, made Lord Auckland's policy by no means worthy of the crisis. In February, 1842, Lord Ellenborough arrived in Calcutta, and Lord Auckland was on his way home. He returned to the house of lords, and steadily supported his party with his vote, speaking seldom. On the reaccession of the whigs to power, after the repeal of the corn-laws. Lord Auckland was reappointed first lord of the admiralty, an office which he retained until his sudden death on the 1st of January, 1849, the result of a paralytic stroke. After the successful occupation of Cabul in 1839, Lord Auckland had been created an earl. He never married, and was succeeded by his brother Robert, bishop of Sodor and Man.—F. E.
EDEN, Richard, author of several valuable works relating to maritime discovery. He was the first Englishman who attempted to give an account of the numerous maritime enterprises that followed the discovery of America—his "Treatise of the New India, translated from the Latin of Sebastian Munster" having been published in the year (1553) in which, according to most accounts, the more celebrated Hakluyt was born. Eden was not a mere compiler, but in several treatises gave evidence of original research, and in all his works exhibited great learning, accuracy, and integrity. Two of his works treat of the art of navigation; the rest, including the work above noted, are histories of voyages and travels.—J. S., G.
EDGAR the Peaceable was the younger son of the Anglo-Saxon king, Edmund I., and succeeded his brother Edwy in 959. He had previously governed the northern provinces of the kingdom, first as viceroy, and then as an independent sovereign, the Mercians and Northumbrians having risen in revolt at the instigation of the primate Odo, on account of the quarrel between Dunstan and Edwy. The latter had been compelled to give up all the country beyond the Thames to his brother, whom the insurgents proclaimed king; and on the death of Edwy the divided sovereignty was reunited in Edgar. Ecclesiastical affairs engaged his immediate attention, and his zealous support of the Benedictines forms the principal feature of his reign. Dunstan was made bishop of Worcester, then transferred to the see of London, and ere long invested with the primacy, although the preceding monarch, at the death of Odo, had given this dignity to the humble and pious Byrhtelm, whose
