return to Denmark. This intention was not carried out, owing to the firmness and constancy of his wife, and their distress was soon afterwards relieved by the arrival of two vessels with provisions. As he made but slow progress in the acquisition of the Esquimaux language, he endeavoured to teach the natives by means of paintings representing events recorded in the scriptures, and went with his son to live among the natives and share in their hardships. By this means his son Paul soon acquired the language, and, after this indispensable preliminary, he was sent to Denmark to complete his education, so that he might take charge of the mission. After a residence of fifteen years Egede returned to Denmark, where he died in 1758. He is the author of a work on the natural history of Greenland, and in this his example has been followed by his successors, who have done much to augment our knowledge of the physical history of this remote country.—His eldest son, Povel or Paul, was born in 1709, and went along with his parents from Bergen to Greenland in 1721. He was very useful to his father, first by making sketches of scripture incidents, and afterwards by acquiring the language so as to converse freely with the natives. He was sent home to Denmark to prosecute his studies, but returned to Greenland in 1734. He continued in the country a few years after the departure of his father, and enjoyed to a great extent the affection and confidence of the people. Returning to Denmark in 1740, he succeeded his father as superintendent of the seminary for the Greenland mission, which had been instituted at Copenhagen. In 1750 he published a Greenland grammar and dictionary, with explanations of the words in Danish and Latin. He also translated the New Testament into the Greenland vernacular, and published an interesting work called "Information on Greenland." He died in 1789.—Niels, another son of Hans Egede, went from Denmark to Greenland in 1738, intending to spend his life there, but the state of his health compelled his return a few years afterwards. He founded the settlement of Egedesminde in remembrance of his father.—A grandson of Paul Egede, named Hans Egede Saabye, followed in the footsteps of his ancestry, and by his disinterested labours in Greenland, not only improved the moral condition of the natives, but in an eminent degree contributed to their material prosperity. He was still alive in 1818.—J. B. J.
EGERTON, Francis Henry, eighth earl of Bridgewater, an eccentric peer, and originator of the Bridgewater treatises, was born on the 11th November, 1756, the second son of John, bishop of Durham. He was educated at Eton and Oxford, and taking orders, was appointed a prebendary of Durham by his father, and subsequently to two rectories in Shropshire by his cousin, the duke of Bridgewater, of canal-constructing celebrity. In 1823 he succeeded, on the death of his brother, to the earldom of Bridgewater. He passed his life chiefly at Paris, where his eccentricities formed a fertile theme of conversation. His house was filled with dogs and cats, and a certain number of the former were admitted to the honours of the table, and even provided with a fine carriage in which to take the air. He died at Paris in the April of 1829. From his youth upwards he was an author, and, in his own odd way, did a good deal to illustrate the history of the Egerton family. His chief claim to remembrance, however, rests on the provision in his will, by which he left a sum of £8000 to be placed at the disposal of the president of the Royal Society (assisted by the archbishop of Canterbury and the bishop of London), and to be expended in procuring and publishing literary disquisitions on the power wisdom, and goodness of God, as manifested in the creation. The Bridgewater Treatises were the result of this bequest.—F. E.
EGERTON, John, Bishop of Durham, a descendant of the lord chancellor, was born in London in 1721. He was educated at Eton school and Oriel college, Oxford, and was ordained priest in 1745. The son of a prelate, Henry Egerton, bishop of Hereford, and by the mother's side grandson of an earl, he rapidly obtained preferment in the church. In 1749, the year after his marriage to a daughter of Henry de Grey, duke of Kent, he was nominated chaplain to the king; in 1750 was promoted to the deanery of Hereford; and in 1756 became bishop of Bangor. This see he exchanged in 1768 for that of Lichfield and Coventry, and in 1771 was translated to Durham. His administration of this latter diocese was such as to render the name of Bishop Egerton one of the most popular and venerated in the church. He conciliated the favour of all parties in the palatinate by his munificence, sound judgment, and genial manners; while to the clergy of his diocese he was endeared by the paternal interest which he took in their welfare, and the heartiness with which he encouraged them in their labours.—J. S., G.
* EGERTON, Sir Philip de Malpas Grey, Bart., a distinguished geologist. He has more especially devoted his attention to the study of fossil fishes. The more important of his papers on this subject will be found in the proceedings and transactions of the Geological Society. The titles of some of these papers are as follows—"On the occurrence of Triassic Fishes in British water;" "On some new Ganoid Fishes;" "On some new species of fossil Chimæroid Fishes;" "On the remains of Fishes found in the Pondicherry beds;" "On a fossil Ray from Mount Lebanon;" "On some new species of fossil fish from the Oxford Clay;" "On the nomenclature of the Fossil Chimæroid Fishes," "Palicthyologic Notes." In the Bibliography of Zoology and Geology of Agassiz, published by the Ray Society, is given a list of twenty-one papers on geology, written by Sir Philip Egerton, and published principally in the proceedings of the Geological Society.—E. L.
EGERTON, Francis. See Bridgewater.
EGERTON, Francis. See Ellesmere.
EGG, Augustus Leopold, A.R.A., one among the distinguished English painters of his day, was a native of London, where he was born in 1816. His first exhibition at the Royal Academy in 1838, gave hopes which his subsequent career completely confirmed. Egg was a spirited painter of humoristic subjects, and a worthy interpreter of Shaksperian humour. His specimens in the Vernon gallery illustrate his tendencies; they are "Gil Bias exchanging his ring with that of Camilla." and a scene from "The Diable boiteux." In 1848 he was elected associate by the Royal Academy of London. Amongst the works he exhibited since that time, his "Peter the Great sees Catherine, his future empress, for the first time;" and "Queen Elizabeth discovering the Progressing of her Age"—are both subjects commanding attention and interest. His later works, as the "Night before Naseby," exhibited in 1859, display some of the strange tendencies of the preraphaelite school. He died 26th March, 1863.—R. M.
* EGGER, Emile, a French classical scholar, born in Paris in 1813, of a family originally from Germany, but long settled in France. He has held since 1833 various academic situations to the duties of which he has brought great judgment, taste, and learning. In 1855 he was elected professor of Greek literature to the faculty of letters of Paris. He has edited various classical authors, and written much in a scholarly manner upon the subjects with which he is professionally occupied.—J. S., G.
EGGERS, Jakob, a Swedish officer and man of science, born in 1704 at Dorpat; entered the French service in 1725, and afterwards the Polish and Saxon. He travelled much in the south of Europe, and being recalled, received a colonel's commission, and was created a baron by Gustavus III. He died in 1773. He translated La Chenaye's Dictionnaire militaire.—M. H.
EGGLESFIELD, EAGLESFIELD, or EGLESFELD, Robert, the munificent founder of Queen's college, Oxford, sprang from an ancient family in the county of Cumberland. He was the confessor of Philippa, queen of Edward III., who, during the absence of her husband in France, fought the decisive battle of Neville's Cross. The confidence which she reposed in her good chaplain's plans, continued after his death in 1349. She became the patroness of the college he had founded, and obtained for it from the king several valuable advowsons.—T. J.
EGIDIUS or ÆGIDIUS, a Gallic Roman soldier, died about the year 464. One of the chief events in his life was his being chosen by the Franks as a sort of chief or military leader after the flight of Childeric. Childeric, however, soon took advantage of his rival's contest with the Visigoths to recover his dignity by force of arms. After a short war he succeeded in re-establishing himself. Egidius died the year after.—R. M., A.
EGIDIUS or ST. GILES, a saint of the Roman calendar, who died, it is said, on the 1st September, 550, and whose memorial is celebrated on that day. The Bollandists tell us that he was a native of Athens, and of noble family. Having turned eremite, he withdrew into solitude in the neighbourhood of Marseilles, where there is still a town called St. Giles, and a forest on the opposite side of the Rhine called the forest of St. Giles. King Childebert is said to have founded for him an abbey, of which he made him abbot. He became famous for his sanctity through all France and Italy; and when he died his body was
