he belongs to the romantic school, and in his novels and lyric poems has evinced high poetical powers. Among the former, his "Aus dem Leben eines Taugenichts," is a masterpiece of its kind, and deservedly popular. His tragedies and comedies, though full of lyrical beauty, are deficient in dramatic life and well-conducted plots. He translated Calderon's Geistliche Schauspiele, and published some valuable works on literary history. He died at Neisse, November 26, 1857.—K. E.
* EICHHOFF, Frederic Gustave, born at Havre in 1799, where his father, originally from Hamburg, was settled as a merchant. Appointed on account of his great knowledge of languages to an inspectorship over the lyceums of France, M. Eichhoff justified the favour of the government by various publications of a philological character. He has given to the world a parallel between European and Indian languages; histories of Sclavonian literature and of the Scandinavian mythology; the latter of which particularly, as well as his "Tableau de la literature du Nord au moyen age," hold a high place in the estimation of the learned.—J. F. C.
EICHHORN, Johann Gottfried, one of the greatest and most indefatigable German scholars, was born at Dörenzimmern, in the then principality of Hohenlohe-Ohringen, October 16, 1752, and devoted himself to the study of theology and oriental languages at Göttingen. Soon after he was nominated headmaster of a small grammar-school at Ohrdruff, Saxe-Gotha, and in 1775 became professor of oriental languages at Jena. Here he at once took a high standing in the literary world by his researches in the field of oriental literature, which were published in his "History of East Indian Commerce before Mahomet," 1775 his Latin "Survey of the Oldest Documents of Arabian History," 1775; and in his "Treatise on the Oldest Coins of the Arabs," 1776. From Jena he removed in 1788, in the same capacity, to Göttingen, where he was successively raised to several high dignities, and became one of the greatest ornaments of his alma mater. His whole life was passed in the most assiduous and energetic literary pursuits, both in the field of theological literature and literary history. The works of the former class exhibit high biblical scholarship, and have greatly contributed towards a better and more critical understanding of the sacred texts, as he brought a thorough knowledge of eastern languages and scriptural antiquities to the task. The most extensive of his theological works are his "Allgemeine Bibliothek der Biblischen Literatur," 10 vols.; his "Repertorium für biblische und morgenländische Literatur," 1 vols.; his "Introductions to the Old and New Testaments," 10 vols.; "Introduction to the Apocrypha;" his "Commentarius in Apocalypsin Joannis," 2 vols.; and his "Primæval History," 2 vols. He exhibited the same indefatigable energy in the history of polite literature. He projected a universal history of modern arts and sciences on the largest scale. "Each single province," to use the words of Hallam, "was deemed sufficient for the labours of one man; among others, Bouterwek undertook poetry and polite letters; Buhl, speculative philosophy; Kästner, the mathematical sciences; Sprengel, anatomy and medicine; Heeren, classical philology. The general survey of the whole was assigned to Eichhorn. So vast a scheme was not fully executed; but we owe to it some standard works." Eichhorn himself wrote a "General History of the Civilization and Literature of Modern Europe," 2 vols., intended as an introduction to this gigantic cyclopædia, and followed by his celebrated "History of Literature," 6 vols. Hallam, in the preface to his Literary History, gives a very true estimate of the merits of this work, to which he confesses himself considerably indebted. Eichhorn, however, turned from literary to political history, and published, in 1797, "A Survey of the French Revolution," 2 vols. By his "History of the World," 5 vols., he intended to lead the student to the investigation of the sources, and therefore accompanied it with his "Antiqua Historia ex ipsis veterum scriptorum narrationibus contexta," 5 vols., and "Antiqua Historia ex ipsis veterum scriptorum Græcorum narrationibus contexta," 2 vols. Similar collections for the middle ages and modern times, which he had in view, were, however, never executed, as he was less conversant with modern history and literature than with antiquity. His "History of the Last Three Centuries," 6 vols., though not free from errors, is nevertheless valuable for the rich bibliographical and literary information contained in it. The last great production of his pen was the "Urgeschichte des erlauchten Hauses der Welfen," 1817. We need hardly mention that, besides this almost incredible number of books, Eichhorn wrote a great many smaller treatises and reviews for the Göttinger Gelehrten Anzeigen, of which he was the editor from 1812 till the time of his death, 28th June, 1827.—K. E.
EICHHORN, Karl Friedrich, son of Johann Gottfried, an eminent German historian and jurisconsult, was born at Jena, 20th November, 1781, and died at Cologne, 4th July, 1854. He studied law at Göttingen, where he soon after began lecturing. After successively filling several public offices in different towns, he was appointed, in 1811, professor of jurisprudence in the newly-founded university of Berlin, whence, in 1817, he was called in the same capacity to Göttingen. Precarious health obliged him to resign, and to retire into private life for some years. In 1832, however, he was again appointed professor at Berlin, and in a short time raised to the highest administrative offices. The principal object of his studies was the history of the German states and German law, and the fruits of his research were chiefly published in his "Deutsche Staats und Rechtsgeschichte," Gött., 4 vols. At Berlin he originated, with Savigny, the "Zeitschrift für geschichtliche Rechtswissenschaft." His "Einleitung in das deutsche Privatrecht," and "Grundsätze des Kirchenrechts," 2 vols. are of no less importance, and the former has been repeatedly reprinted.—K. E.
EICHSTAEDT, Heinrich Karl Abraham, a celebrated German philologist, was born at Oschatz, August 8, 1772, and died at Jena, March 4, 1848. Appointed in 1803 to a professorship in the university of Jena, he distinguished himself as a Latin scholar, as director of the Latin Society, and as editor of the Jenaische Literaturzeitung. He wrote a number of deeply-learned Latin treatises, published some valuable editions of classical authors, and translated Mitford's History of Greece and works on classical philology.—K. E.
* EICHWALD, Edward, an eminent Russian naturalist, was born at Mittau in Lithuania in 1795, and after preparatory studies in the gymnasium of that town, went to Berlin to prosecute the sciences in which he has attained so much distinction. During the years 1817-19 he travelled extensively on the continent, and paid a visit to England, and in the latter year took up his quarters at Wilna, where he began his labours as a teacher of natural history. After holding for a short while a chair in the university of this place, and a similar one in that of Dorpat, he became professor of zoology and midwifery at Casan. From this town he set out in 1825 to explore the confines of the Caspian sea, the Caucasus, and certain districts of Persia; and on his return in 1827 he was appointed to the chair of zoology and comparative anatomy in the university of Wilna. While holding this post, he made another excursion to the western provinces of Russia, in which he collected materials for more than one useful treatise. On the suppression of the university of Wilna Eichwald did not change his residence, but, as secretary of the Medico-chirurgical Society, remained in this place till 1838, when he was appointed professor of mineralogy and zoology in the academy of St. Petersburg. Since the date of this last appointment he has traversed, with a view to geological and palæontological research, Esthonia, Finland, the government of St. Petersburg, and the Scandinavian provinces, and in 1846 Italy, Sicily, and Algeria. In 1851 he retired from public life, carrying with him to his retreat a larger share of honours than has fallen to the lot of any Russian naturalist since Pallas. Eichwald has written much, and in various languages—French, German, and Latin. His works are all the fruit of his professional occupations and of his numerous and extensive journeys, and their titles need not be given.—J. S., G.
EINARSSON, Gissur, the first protestant bishop of Iceland, born of peasant parentage in Iceland in 1508. Losing his father, his aunt, the abbess of Kirkebai-kloster, took charge of him. At the age of sixteen he was adopted by the bishop of Skalholt, and by him sent into Germany to complete his education. Here he became acquainted with and adopted the doctrines of Luther. In 1533 he returned to Iceland, but was rejected by his former patron on account of his new religious opinions. He therefore returned to his mother, with whom he lived three years, occupying himself in teaching and study. The old bishop was now blind, and knowing no one who could better aid him than his adopted son, recalled him, and shortly afterwards made him dean, and sent him on a mission to the archbishop in Norway. In 1539, the blind bishop being dead, he was ordained in his place, and thus became the first protestant bishop of
