arbitrary proceedings, and on the 2nd of March Sir John Eliot proposed a remonstrance against unconstitutional impositions. The speaker said the king had forbidden him to put such a question to the vote. A violent outburst of feeling took place. The door was locked, the speaker was held down in his chair by main force, while Holles read Eliot's motion and declared it carried amid the loudest acclamations. The house then adjourned, and was immediately dissolved by the king. Two days after, Sir John Eliot and several other leading patriots were committed to prison. His fellow-prisoners one after the other made their submission and obtained their release; but Eliot refused to purchase his liberty by recognizing the lawfulness of the authority which had imprisoned him. He was ultimately committed to the Tower, and treated with great harshness. His health broke down under the severity of his confinement, and his friends used every effort to obtain his release, but without effect. The king was inexorable, and at length, after an imprisonment of four years, the indomitable patriot breathed his last on the 27th of November, 1632, and was buried in the Tower church; Charles having with mean and despicable cruelty refused the petition of his son to be permitted to carry the body of his father into Cornwall. Sir John Eliot was one of the ablest and best of the patriotic band who at this crisis stood up in defence of their country's rights. His eloquence was of a very high order, and he exhibited a rare capacity for the office of a popular leader. His temperament was somewhat ardent and impetuous; but his integrity was unimpeachable and his life blameless. He solaced his last imprisonment by the composition of a philosophical treatise, entitled "The Monarchy of Man," which contains specimens of thought and style worthy of the best prose writers of that age.—J. T.
ELIPANDUS, Archbishop of Toledo, a divine belonging to the eighth century. He was a haughty, passionate man, easily led away by dogmatic zeal. In the disputes respecting adoptionism, he and his preceptor Felix were the prominent persons on one side. This term which has given rise to a whole system, seems to have been employed by Elipand and Felix to denote that Christ was the son of God in his human nature only by adoption and, consequently, that there could be no proper bond of union between his divine and human attributes. Elipandus lived under the protection of the Saracens, and therefore escaped the fate of Felix, who died in exile on account of his supposed heresy.—S. D.
ELISAEUS (Eghische), the historian of Armenia, was born at about the commencement of the fifth century, and died in 480. The illustrious teachers under whose care he passed his youth, St. Isaac and St. Mesrob, sent him to study the science and literature of the Greeks at Athens, Alexandria, and Constantinople. On his return to his native country he was raised to episcopal rank in the province of Ararat, and in 459 figured at the national council of Artachad. As was to be anticipated from a churchman who had been obliged to seek his own teachers in foreign countries, Elisæus anxiously laboured to increase the number and the efficiency of the public schools; and in this matter his exertions were attended with remarkable success. Perhaps, however, his best service to the cause of education was the publication of his "History of the war of Vartan and of the Armenians"—a work equally commendable for the exactitude of its details, and the elegance of its style. This work has been frequently reprinted; the edition published at Venice in 1823 being considered the best. It has been translated into English, French, and Italian. The period of Armenian history which it embraces, 439-63, was the memorable one of the persecution of the christians by the Persians, who sought to impose upon Armenia the faith of Zoroaster.—J. S., G.
ELITOS. See Elyot.
ELIZABETH, Queen of England as consort of Henry VII., was the daughter of Edward IV. by his queen Elizabeth Woodville. She was born, according to the inscription on her tomb in Westminster abbey, on the 11th of February, 1466. After the death of her brothers, who were murdered in the Tower by order of Pilchard III., she was the heiress of the rights of the house of York, and it was this circumstance that led those opposed to Richard to offer the crown to Henry Tudor of the house of Lancaster, on condition that he would espouse the Princess Elizabeth. The marriage was solemnized on the 18th of January, 1486. Elizabeth died in 1503, a few days after having given birth to a daughter—her eighth child. Through one of her children, namely, the Princess Margaret who was married to the king of Scotland, came, after the lapse of a century, the union of the Scottish and English crowns, with its important political results.—J. B. J.
ELIZABETH, Queen of England, the daughter of Henry VIII., by his queen, Anne Boleyn, was born at Greenwich on the 7th of September, 1533. Elizabeth was not three years old when a convocation of peers, assembled in the Tower, declared her mother guilty of adultery and incest. The sentence was, "that she should be burnt or beheaded," as should please the king. An act was passed which declared both Mary and Elizabeth illegitimate. The birth of a son by Jane Seymour, seemed to fix the succession in that direction. But, before the death of Henry, it was provided by statute, that, in the failure of issue from Prince Edward, Mary should be accounted as first in succession, and Elizabeth next. In virtue of this enactment, on the death of Edward VI., Mary became queen. Elizabeth was now in the twentieth year of her age. By this time she had shown that her religious leanings were on the side of protestantism; that her capacity was much above the ordinary standard; and that she had imbibed a sincere love of letters. Her contemporaries describe her as a person "of a modest gravity, excellent wit, royal soul, happy memory, and indefatigably given to the study of learning, insomuch as before she was seventeen years of age she understood well the Latin, French, and Italian tongues, and had an indifferent knowledge of Greek. Neither did she neglect music, so far as became a princess, being able to sing sweetly and play handsomely on the lute. With Roger Ascham, who was her tutor, she read over Melancthon's Commonplaces, all Tully, a great part of the histories of Titus Livius, certain select orations of Isocrates (whereof two she turned into Latin), Sophocles' Tragedies, and the New Testament in Greek, by which means she framed her tongue to a pure and elegant way of speaking, and informed her mind with apt documents and instructions; daily applying herself to the study of good letters, not for pomp and ostentation, but in order to use in her life and the practice of virtue; insomuch as she was a kind of miracle and admiration for her learning among the princes of her times."
On the death of Edward VI., Dudley, earl of Northumberland, took exception to the title both of Mary and Elizabeth, and urged the claims of Lady Jane Grey, to whom he had married his son, and who was granddaughter to the second sister of Henry VIII. Northumberland would have induced Elizabeth to resign her pretensions to the succession, on condition of receiving a large pecuniary equivalent. But Elizabeth recognized the right of Mary to the throne, and when her sister came to London, demonstrated her loyalty by going thither to meet her at the head of five hundred horsemen. The Reformation was now checked. Much of the ground that had been recently gained was retraced. But it was not until the second year after her accession, nor until the new distributions of ecclesiastical property which had recently taken place were secured against disturbance, that Mary and her coadjutor, Cardinal Pole, succeeded in restoring the papal authority in England. Wyatt's insurrection came as a reaction against these proceedings. In the new council there were men who were intent on disposing of Elizabeth in some way or other; her known sympathy with protestantism being viewed as rendering all the changes in favour of Romanism insecure. But the majority, and the queen herself, were said to have been averse to the use of foul means for the accomplishment of that object. Wyatt's insurrection, however, gave the enemies of Elizabeth a pretext for subjecting her to close examination, and to much severe treatment. On the first news of this conspiracy, Mary called upon her sister to leave her residence at Ashbridge, and to come forthwith to court. Elizabeth was ill, and pleaded her inability. But certain members of the privy council were sent to insure her removal and safe custody. These gentlemen presented themselves at her bedside after ten o'clock at night, and insisted on her leaving that place in a litter the next morning. They lodged her in the Tower. Her imprisonment there and at Woodstock extended over nearly two years, and beyond that time she was under guard even in her own house—scarcely any one in whom she could confide being allowed to be near her. Had it been possible to convict Elizabeth of being privy to the Wyatt conspiracy, she would have been so convicted; and it is easy to see what the issue would have been. It was now insisted that she should conform to the Romish worship; and, under the influence of the reasoning or of the threats of Pole, she consented so to do. But neither the cardinal, nor the
