ENDLICHER, Stephen Ladislas, a botanist and philologist, born in 1804, and died in 1849. After finishing his literary education, he entered a religious seminary with the intention of becoming a priest; but he was induced by the wishes of his family to relinquish his choice of the clerical profession. Subsequently he was appointed librarian to the imperial library at Vienna, and afterwards to the curatorship of the museum of natural history of the same city. The last situation which he filled was that of professor of botany. On the outbreak of the great political storm in 1848, he took so active a part in the movement as to lose his reason, and at last put an end to his days. His writings are very numerous and varied, comprehending botany, history, and philosophy.—J. S.
ENFANTIN, Barthelemy Prosper, born at Paris, 1796. This gentleman, one of the early followers of Saint Simon, began soon after the death of that mystical socialist to preach to the sect called Saint Simonians. It was Saint Simon who first laid down the famous dogma, that wages should be according to the workman's wants. This is not the place to speak of Saint Simon and his doctrines; yet a few words of reference become necessary in order to explain the conduct of Enfantin. Saint Simon, like Mahomet, was liberal enough to recognize Moses and Christ, assigning to himself the mission of completing the Saviour's doctrine, and very much in Mahomet's fashion, by blending the sensual with the spiritual in certain proportions to be regulated by a new priesthood, whose business it would be to interfere in all the relations of life. The first priest was Enfantin, who in 1828 assumed the title of Père or Father, allowed his beard to grow, put on a fantastical dress, founded a journal, preached to a congregation, and announced the coming of an inspired prophetess, who should place woman in a different position from any she had ever before held. It may be sufficient to say that, under pretence of respecting the individual, easy ways were to be opened through the Saint Simonian confessor for indulging allowable fickleness of affection and taste. As the high priest called himself the incarnate or living law, there could be no questioning of his decrees. Some reserve was observed by the sect, until the revolution of 1830 seemed to open a new era of liberty. Then the Globe newspaper recorded the proceedings of the Saint Simonians, who began openly to organize their system of communism. The government interfered. Enfantin was brought to trial on charges the most serious, of which was one accusing him of violating public morality. In vindication of his innocence he called on two ladies to plead in his defence, but the court refused to listen to the new Portia and Jessica, and on the 28th August, 1832, Enfantin was condemned to a year's imprisonment. His life, after his liberation, was prosaic enough. Having successively filled the offices of postmaster at Lyons, and a railway director in 1848, he was so far cured of fanciful methods of regenerating society that he founded a journal called the Credit, with objects as plain as its name. Even the government of Louis Philippe thought well enough of his shrewdness and integrity, to appoint him one of a commission of inquiry into the condition of Algeria. He died 1st September, 1864.—J. F. C.
ENFIELD, William, LL.D., a voluminous writer and compiler was born at Sudbury in Suffolk in March, 1741. From an early age he displayed great eagerness in the acquisition of knowledge; and in his seventeenth year he entered the dissenters' academy at Daventry, where he continued five years. He afterwards became minister of a congregation in Liverpool, where he continued several years, and left on being appointed tutor in the dissenters' academy at Warrington. In 1785 Dr. Enfield removed to Norwich, where he continued till his death, which happened after a short but painful illness in November, 1797. During his whole life he was diligently occupied in literary projects, contributing frequently to the Monthly Review, the Analytical Review, &c., and publishing numerous translations and compilations on educational and scientific subjects, besides several volumes of sermons. His "Speaker," and his abridgment of Brucker's History of Philosophy, were long in great demand for educational purposes. Enfield was a man of amiable character. His religious opinions were Socinian.—J. B. J.
ENGEL, Johann Jacob, a distinguished German author, was born at Parchim, Mecklenburg, September 11, 1741, and died whilst on a visit in his native town, June 28, 1802. His first step in life was a professorship in the Joachimsthal gymnasium at Berlin. Some years after he was appointed tutor of the crown prince, afterwards King Frederick William III., a situation with which the management of the royal theatre was not found incompatible. The latter office he, however, resigned in 1794. At the same time he was a prominent member of the Royal Berlin Academy, and, by his writings, exercised a widely-spread and deep-going influence on the public mind. His "Anfangsgründe einer Theorie der Dichtungsarten," 1783; his "Eulogy of Frederick II.;" his "Ideen zu einer Mimik," and his "Fürstenspiegel," were all classic performances, full of sound morals and strong reasoning, and written in an unexceptionable style. His "Lorenz Stark," 1795, is to this day held in high esteem. Complete works in 12 vols.—His brother, Karl Christian, born in 1752; died in 1801; practised for some time as a physician, but latterly adopted literature as a profession. He wrote successfully for the stage.—K. E.
ENGELBERGE or ENGELBERDE, an empress of Germany, who died in 890. She was the daughter of one of the dukes of Spoleto, and married in 856 Louis II., emperor of Germany. A conspiracy was formed by her husband's courtiers against the empress. The counts of Anhalt and Mansfeld accused her of unfaithfulness to her marriage vow, and contrived to give an appearance of truth to the charge. Engelberge was required to prove her innocence by the ordeal of fire or water; but only two days before the time fixed for the trial. Bison, count of Arles, offered himself as the champion of the empress, overthrew her accusers one by one in single combat, and compelled them to acknowledge the falsehood of their charges. He was rewarded for his valour with the hand of Ermengarde, the emperor's daughter. After the death of Louis, in 875, without male issue, a contest took place for the imperial crown between his uncles, Charles the Bold and Louis le Germanique. Engelberge on this retired to a convent, but Charles seized upon her in her retreat and carried her a prisoner into Germany, where she died.—J. T.
ENGELBERT, son of Engelbert I., count of Berg, was raised to the archbishopric of Cologne in 1216. The emperor, Frederick II., appointed him tutor to his son Henry, king of the Romans. Engelbert figured often in the feudal strifes of that unquiet time, and was at length, in 1225, assassinated at the instigation of a cousin of his own, whose excesses had necessitated the interference of his ecclesiastical authority.—R. M., A.
ENGELBRECHTSEN, Cornelius, the son of an engraver on wood, was born in 1468 at Leyden, and died there in 1533. He is considered one of the greatest painters of the Dutch school, and was one of the first to use oil colours, as invented by the Van Eycks. Nor was his imitation of the Flemish artists limited to the mere adoption of the new materials. Engelbrechtsen followed their peculiar style, and transmitted it to his pupil, Lucas of Leyden. Many of his works have perished through the bigoted wantonness of fanatic iconoclasts. Among the few that have escaped are noted the "Descent from the Cross," and the "Sacrifice of Abraham;" both of which are in oils, and at present in Paris. His masterpiece, "The Lamb of the Apocalypse," is at Utrecht; a "Madonna and Child" at Vienna; a "Crucifixion" at Munich.—R. M.
ENGELBRETH, Wolf Frederik, a learned Swedish divine, born on the 11th of April, 1771, at Körsör. He travelled from 1791 to 1795, residing a considerable time in Rome, where he studied the Coptic tongue under the erudite Zoega. On his return he became parish priest of Lyderslev and Fröslev, and in 1798 dean. In 1845, on the fiftieth anniversary of his official life, he received a diploma of honour from the university of Copenhagen, as doctor of theology. Amongst his works may be mentioned—"Fragmenta Basmurico-coptica Veteris et Novi Testamenti, quæ in Museo Borgiano Velitris asservantur latine vertit," &c., W. F. E., Copenhagen, 1811. He resigned his duties as priest in 1859.—M. H.
ENGELBRICHTSSON, Engelbricht, the William Tell of Sweden, was born near the copper mines of Fahlun in Dalarna, of a noble but poor family. At the head of the brave Dalmen, he asserted and maintained the rights and liberties of the Swedish peasantry against the tyrannous oppressions of Erik XIII. and his avaricious stewards. In 1432 he undertook to present the wrongs of the people to the king; but the king refusing to hear him, they chose him for their leader, and set out the following autumn to expel Jösse Erikson, the tyrannous and cruel royal steward of Dalarna and Westmanland, who fled to Denmark, and the king threatened them with yet harder taskmasters. For the third time they rose, in the autumn of 1434, being now joined by the whole country, great numbers of
