noblemen being also with them, and many strongholds were soon in their possession. Advancing to Wadstena, where the bishops and senators were assembled, Engelbrichtsson compelled them to sign a letter renouncing their allegiance to the king, which was forwarded to him in Denmark. The insurgent army again possessed the whole country, conducting themselves, however, so well, that violence was nowhere committed. At the close of 1435 the king came to Stockholm, and in the following January assembled a diet, and Engelbrichtsson and his army posted themselves on the islands round Stockholm, which they fortified, and a truce was concluded which lasted about a year. Many nobles, however, among the insurgents, jealous of Engelbricht's power, and afraid of the peasantry, went over to the king. The king returned to Denmark, and Engelbricht was chosen administrator during the truce. In September, the king being once more in Sweden, a meeting took place, and a long list of heavy grievances was laid before him. In the end a peace was concluded. But old oppression and misrule soon returned, with even increased outrage and atrocity, and again the country rose in general insurrection, with Engelbricht at their head; the king meantime having fled to Pomerania. The whole country was again in the hands of the insurgents, when, whilst besieging the castle of Axevalla in West Gothland, Engelbrichtsson was taken so ill, that it was with difficulty he could be removed to his own castle of Örebro. In the spring Engelbrichtsson was summoned to Stockholm; but, too ill to ride on horseback, he went by sea, and landed for a night's rest on an island near Göksholm, now called Engelbrichtsholmen. Here he was cruelly murdered, 27th of April, 1436, by Mons Bengtson, the son of Bengt Stensson, who had come to him on pretence of a friendly message from his father, carrying back with him Engelbricht's wife and children as prisoners.—M. H.
ENGELHARDT, Karl August, a German miscellaneous writer, born at Dresden in 1768; died in 1834. He studied at Wittenberg, and, after being employed in the public library of his native city, became successively archivist and secretary to the Saxon war council. His principal works are illustrations of the geography and history of Saxony. He left a volume of poems and a biography of Boetgger, the inventor of porcelain.—J. S., G.
ENGELMANN, Gottfried, an artist of Germany, one of the inventors of lithography, was born in 1788, and died in 1839. Rejecting the paternal counsels, which would have persuaded him to follow commercial pursuits, he studied painting; and having married the daughter of a manufacturer of indiennes in his native place, Mulhouse, he was taken into the concern as designer. While thus employed, his attention was directed to lithography. He went to Munich to study the art, then in a very rudimentary state—and returning to Mulhouse, set up a printing establishment, in which he practised it with great success. Shortly afterwards he removed to Paris, and there surmounting, one by one, the difficulties of the lithographic art—such as Sennefelder had left it—he brought out many works, which may be said to have been the first to mark the range and to prove the utility of the art. Chromolithography is an invention of the same ingenious mind, which so much improved the simpler art. Engelmann wrote several works descriptive of his inventions.—J. S., G.
* ENGELSTOFT, Christian Thorning, a learned Danish bishop, was born 8th August, 1805. After passing through his studies with distinguished honours, he became professor of theology in the university of Copenhagen, and two years later doctor of the same. In 1851 he was appointed bishop of Funen. Engelstoft is most known by his works on church history, principally with reference to the Reformation in Denmark. In connection with C. E. Scharling, he undertook the "Theologisk Tidskrift," and "Nyt Theologisk Tidskrift."—M. H.
ENGELSTOFT, Lauritz, a Danish historian, was born 2nd December, 1774, at Eislun, where his father was pastor. After passing through his studies with great honour, he became, in 1803, professor of history and geography in the university of Copenhagen, which post he held till his death in March, 1857. His works are numerous and much esteemed.—M. H.
ENGELSTRÖM, Lawrence, Count d', a noted Swedish diplomatist, was born at Stockholm in 1751, and died in 1826. He entered the public service at an early age, and rapidly rose from a subordinate situation in the royal chancellory to the position of an ambassador of the first rank. He represented his sovereign at the courts of Austria, Poland, England, and Prussia successively, and throughout his diplomatic career, enjoyed the esteem of all with whom his duties brought him into contact.—J. S., G.
ENGESTRÖM, Johan, a learned Swede and bishop of Lund, was born in 1699, and died in 1777. He possessed great knowledge of Hebrew and Chaldaic, and was well acquainted with most of the oriental languages.—M. H.
ENGHIEN, Louis-Henri de Bourbon, Duc d', was born at Chantilly, August 2, 1772. His father was Louis-Henri-Joseph, duke of Bourbon, and his mother Louise-Maria Thérése-Bathilde d'Orléans. After having manifested brilliant qualities in his youth, the duc d'Enghien accompanied the prince de Condé to Turin in July, 1789, where he espoused the cause of absolute government, and opposed the tendency of the times. In 1792 he distinguished himself at the lines of Weissenburg, and in the combat of Bersheim. Here he displayed the humanity of his character by rescuing from death the soldiers of the French republic, who had been taken prisoners by the royalist troops. In 1796 he commanded the advanced guard of the united Austrian and French royalist armies. The treaty of Campo Formio having detached Austria from the coalition against France, the prince de Condé joined the remains of his forces to those of Russia. They were divided into two parts—one of infantry and one of dragoons, of which latter the duke became colonel. In this position he fought with Suwarrow and the Russian troops on the plains of Lombardy and in the defiles of Switzerland. But Massena having compelled the Russians to abandon the French territory, with their departure hostilities ceased. The duke now fixed his residence at the castle of Ettenheim, four leagues from Strasburg on the right bank of the Rhine, belonging to the elector of Baden. He chose this spot, because in or near it lived the princess de Rohan-Rochefort, to whom he was tenderly attached. Meanwhile a conspiracy broke out in France against Bonaparte, then first consul; and it was affirmed that one of the conspirators frequently received the visits of a mysterious personage whose portrait resembled the duke. Bonaparte, on the 20th March, 1804, sent orders to carry off the duke, Dumouriez, an English colonel, and four others that were with them, and to bring them by way of Strasburg to the fortress of Vincennes. The duke arrived at Paris on the night of the 20th of the same month, and was almost immediately brought before a military commission, who unanimously condemned him to death. The sentence was forthwith carried into effect. He was led to a trench of the fortress, and shot by a detachment of gens d'armes, commanded by the unscrupulous Savary. His remains were buried in a ditch at four o'clock on the same afternoon. The horrible precipitation of these events excited the deepest detestation against Bonaparte. The violation of a neutral territory, the total disregard of the rules of ordinary tribunals, and the absence of any reliable evidence against this unfortunate prince, have fixed upon Bonaparte the indelible charge of a cowardly assassination. There is reason to believe that the first consul shut his eyes to the innocence of his prisoner, desiring to strike his opponents with terror, and dreading the courage and enterprise of the Bourbon prince.—T. J.
ENGLAND, John, D.D., R.C. bishop of Carolina and Georgia, was born at Cork in 1786. He received his education chiefly at Carlow college, where he afterwards became co-professor with Dr. Doyle. While engaged as a missionary priest in the county of Cork, Mr. England particularly distinguished himself for his vigilant and efficient hostility to illegal societies. His exertions in the cause of civil and religious liberty were also unflagging. He zealously toiled by pen and voice to promote catholic emancipation, while his urbane manners and amiable disposition conciliated all. He was appointed to the see of Carolina in 1822. Shortly after assuming the government of his diocese. Dr. England delivered an eloquent discourse before the Hibernian Society of Savannah, which is ably noticed in the North American Review, vol. xix., p. 470. But Dr. England's "Letters on Slavery," of which many appeared, were probably the most generally admired of his voluminous essays. Dr. England died at Charlestown, April 11, 1842, aged fifty-six. His deathbed is described as a very touching spectacle. Bishop Reynolds, his successor, has edited Dr. England's works, with a memoir of his life.—W. J. F.
* ENGLAND, Sir Richard, G.C.B., a lieutenant-general in the army, is a son of the late Lieutenant-general Richard England, an officer of Irish birth, who served with distinction in the American war of 1775-81; he is maternally descended from the
