house of O'Brien. He was born in Canada in 1793, and having received his early education at Winchester, entered the army in 1808; in 1809 he served at the siege of Flushing, and subsequently on the staff in Sicily and in France. Having held the command of the 75th regiment for several years, in 1832 he was appointed to the command of Caffraria, which he held for little more than a year. In 1835 he saw some active service in the Caffre war. In 1842 he was sent to India to command the Bombay troops, with the local rank of major-general, and served with great distinction throughout the Affghan campaigns. He commanded a division of infantry in the Crimea in 1854-55, and was present at the battles of the Alma, Inkermann, &c. Sir Richard is a knight grand cross of the order of the bath and of the Hanoverian Guelphic order, and colonel of the 50th regiment of foot. He has been twice married.—E. W.
ENGLEFIELD, Sir Henry Charles, occupies a considerable position among the natural philosophers of the last and present century. He was born in 1752, and succeeded his father in the baronetage in 1780. The Transactions of the Royal Society, and the publications of the Society of Antiquaries contain many important communications, which he sent as fellow of both. He also wrote "Tables of the Apparent Places of the Comet in 1661," 4to; "On the Determination of the Orbits of Comets," 4to; "A Walk through Southampton," 8vo; "A Description of the Beauties and Geological Phenomena of the Isle of Wight," folio. Sir Henry was a zealous member of the Roman catholic communion, and stoutly defended its claims against the numerous charges urged by its protestant opponents. In succession to the marquis of Townshend, he filled for some time the post of president of the Antiquarian Society. He died in 1822.—T. J.
ENNEMOSER, Joseph, one of the most distinguished exponents of the doctrines of the new magnetic school of medicine, was born in 1787 in the Tyrolese Alps, where he followed in his early youth the humble occupation of a goat-herd. The surprising progress which he made at the village school, encouraged his parents to exert themselves to enable him to prosecute his studies with a view to the medical profession, first at Trent, and afterwards at Innspruck and Vienna; but he was often in great difficulties to obtain the means of subsistence. When in 1812 the war with Russia broke out, Ennemoser was sent with some of his countrymen to England, to solicit support for the Tyrolese revolt against the rule of Napoleon. When intelligence arrived of the sudden and unexpected issue of the Russian campaign, he hastened to return through Sweden to Prussia, but suffered shipwreck in the Baltic; and it was only after a series of the most surprising adventures and hair-breadth escapes that he ultimately reached his destination. In the war of 1813 and 1814, he fought and frequently distinguished himself as an officer in the Prussian service at the head of a free corps of his own countrymen, which he had been chiefly instrumental in organizing. After the peace of Paris he took his leave of the military profession, and returned to Berlin, where he completed his studies, and in 1816 became doctor of medicine. He then visited England, Holland, and some of the German watering-places. It was under Professor Wolfart that he laid deep in his mind the foundations of the new doctrines of medical magnetism. In 1819 he was appointed to the chair of medicine in the new university of Bonn, where he acquired universal esteem as a lecturer on pathology and medico-philosophical subjects. In 1837, wishing to return to his native soil, he relinquished the professorship at Bonn, and settled at Innspruck as a physician; but, finding in that place a great want of literary accommodation, he removed in 1841 to Munich, where, in the course of an extensive practice, he is said to have effected several remarkable cures by the magnetic system. Among his principal works may be mentioned—"Magnetism in its Historical Developments," Leipzig, 1819—a second edition of which, under the title "History of Magnetism," was published in 1844, and consists in its first part of a "History of Magic" (translated into English by W. Howitt); "Historico-psychological Inquiries into the Origin and Nature of the Human Soul," Bonn, 1824, of which a second edition was published at Stuttgard in 1851; "Anthropological Views for the better knowledge of Man," Bonn, 1828; "Magnetism in its Relations to Nature and Religion," Stuttgard, 1842; "The Spirit of Man in Nature," Stuttgard, 1849; "What is the Cholera?" second edition, Stuttgard, 1850; "Guide to Mesmeric Practice," Stuttgard, 1852.—G. BL.
ENNIUS, Quintus, one of the first Italian poets known to history, was born b.c. 239 at Rudiæ, a Calabrian town in the south-east corner of Italy. Of the circumstances of his life only an uncertain and broken account remains. He is said to have served in the Roman army; to have accompanied M. Fulvius in his expedition into Ætolia, and to have drawn upon the general the censure of M. Cato for "taking poets with him into his province;" to have obtained the rare distinction of Roman citizenship by the influence of the son of M. Fulvius; to have earned a meagre livelihood in Rome by teaching Greek; and to have been conspicuous for the contentment with which he bore up against poverty and old age. He died b.c. 168. He was the friend of many of the nobles; and so revered was he by Scipio Africanus, that by his wish he was buried among the Scipios, and his image was placed among the images of their house. His native tongue was Oscan; he boasted that he had three minds, because he was master of three languages—Oscan, Greek, and Latin. Greek he probably learnt in Magna Græcia, on the confines of which he was born; and with the language he was imbued with the philosophy of Pythagoras. He took up the fancy that the soul of Homer lived again in him; and in one of his poems, probably the "Epicharmus," he told how the old poet had appeared to him and unfolded the constitution of the universe. His remains unhappily are of the scantiest; only one fragment is of the length of twenty lines; generally there are only single lines or bits of lines. The language is remarkable for its force and picturesqueness, contrasting strongly with the elegant indirectness which prevailed in the Augustan age. Excepting a few archaic words and forms, there is little to distinguish it from the language of Juvenal. If we pass over lyrical and elegiac poetry, Ennius cultivated every kind of poetical composition that ever flourished in Rome. He translated many Greek plays, and, so far as the remains show, with great spirit; he wrote satires, from which we still have a "blast" against diviners; he anticipated Lucretius by his philosophical poem "Epicharmus;" and he wrote, if not an epic, at least a history of Rome in epic verse. This was his greatest work; it was in eighteen books; he left out the first Punic war, and devoted the last twelve books to the second. Niebuhr has conjectured that Livy borrowed largely from the "Annals" of Ennius in his earlier history. There is much to indicate that later poets were indebted to him, not only for occasional lines as Virgil was, but for whole scenes. Lastly, he translated the rationalized mythology of Evemerus into prose; probably the first set composition in prose that ever appeared in Latin. In the epitaph which he composed for himself he forbids his countrymen to weep for him, "because I live on the lips of men." His hope was fulfilled; no poet was ever more fondly regarded by his countrymen. Cicero is never weary of quoting him, and never quotes him without some name of endearment. It is sometimes said of him, that he settled the Latin language and moulded the Latin literature. But this praise is hardly his due. He was younger than Plautus, one of the purest and most vigorous of Latin writers. And excepting "Epicharmus," all his works were preceded by works, similar in style and matter, of Nævius and Livius. Without doubt, however, his masculine genius left a deep mark on Roman intellect and literature. He fixed the Hellenizing tendency which had begun to throw the old Italian poetry into the shade, and to transfer the "worship of the Camenæ to the Musæ."—G. R. L.
ENNODIUS, Magnus Felix, belonged to an illustrious family in Gaul, and was born in Italy about the year 473. By the death of his parents, while he was yet a child, he was reduced to poverty; but he was taken charge of by a relative who afforded him the means of education, in which he made great and rapid progress. This relative died when Ennodius was about sixteen years of age, and he was again reduced to great straits; but, after a short period of privation, he retrieved his fortune, and was placed in affluence by marrying a lady possessed of much wealth. He enjoyed for a while the pleasures and advantages of his position; but, resolving to enter into ecclesiastical orders, he and his wife parted by mutual consent, and he was ordained deacon by Epiphanius of Pavia. He had soon an opportunity given him of displaying his ability; and having panegyrized Theodoric, king of the Ostro-Goths, and presented in 503 an apology to the synod of Rome for the council which absolved Pope Symmachus in the preceding year—that known in history as "concilium Palmare"—he obtained preferment, and
