the first treasurer of Harvard college, to which he left a valuable bequest. He was zealously attached to the old colonial charter, and with Gookin, Cooke, and others, vehemently opposed the acceptance of the new charter of 1691. He was a leader of the popular party in opposing the tyranny of Andros; but after the deposition of that governor, by his prudence and firmness prevented the people from committing any excesses. It was very honourable to him that he manfully opposed the proceedings of the courts during the witchcraft delusion of 1692. He died at Cambridge, Mass., November 5, 1699.—F. B.
DANGEAU, Louis de Courçillon, Abbé de, born at Paris in 1643, and died in 1723. He was descended in the maternal line from the family of Duplessis-Mornay, a Calvinist family, and of the old noblesse. In the Memoirs of St. Simon he is amusingly described as making the "bagatelles of orthography the business of life." Voltaire gives him the doubtful praise of being an "excellent academician." When young he visited Poland, and made good use of his time there. He learned several languages, and formed an acquaintance with the prelate, afterwards Pope Clement X., from whom he obtained the appointment of chamberlain, which was continued to him during the pontificate of Innocent XII. The Huguenot noble had been made a good catholic, and of his conversion Bossuet claimed the credit. Dangeau now purchased the office of reader to the king. This involved no very serious duties, and entitled him to appear at court. The conversion of Dangeau was stimulated by the gift of a valuable benefice, and, in the fervour of his new-born zeal, he said he would never take another. In 1682 he was elected a member of the Academy. Dangeau regarded himself as badly used on finding Fenelon preferred to him as preceptor of the duc de Bourgogne. He had plans of teaching chronology by dissected maps and conversation cards. He also ranged the kings of France in their proper places in some royal game of goose. He lived in good society, and was able to bring to his weekly reunions many of the most distinguished persons in Paris—the cardinal de Polignac, the marquis d'Hôpital, the abbé Dubois, and the abbé de Choisy. De Choisy he claimed the honour of having converted to the church. Zeal here was actual capital, and another benefice was his reward. Dangeau's grand passion was grammar. "Happen what may," said the proud academician, "I have in my portefeuille two thousand verbs well conjugated." Genealogy was another of his passions. Both on grammar and the science of "blason" he wrote several works.—J. A., D.
DANGEAU, Philippe de Courçillon, Marquis de, born in 1638, and died in 1720. He was of an old Calvinist family, but at an early age became a convert to Romanism. In 1657 and 1658 he served under Turenne as captain of a cavalry regiment. After the peace of the Pyrennees, he passed into the service of Spain. On his return to France he was received at the court of Louis XIV. with universal admiration. Fontenelle speaks of his great military and still greater social talents. The queen-mother, Anne Marie, and the queen, Marie Thérèse, listened with delight to his anecdotes of the court of Madrid, told in the language of their country. Dangeau had skill and success in play, and won considerable sums from the ladies. Colbert, the great financier, who had to supply the expenses of the palace, was startled and displeased at the demands that were continually made upon him. It would appear that unfair play was suspected, and the king is said to have one day watched the game, and satisfied himself that all was fair. He was soon after this made colonel of the king's regiment, and employed on several diplomatic missions. Dangeau, at all times vain, became, as the king's favour increased, the vainest of men. One of his offices was grand-master of the royal and military orders of our lady of Mount Carmel, and of St. Lazarus of Jerusalem. He dealt with these as if they were realities, made solemn appointments to imaginary offices, and did not perceive that all men laughed at his seriousness—that he was, to use the amusing phrase of St. Simon—"Chamarré de ridicules." He appears to have been exceedingly shrewd and awake to his own interests. Beginning with little or nothing, he was enabled easily to purchase the office of reader to the king—an office which was an entire sinecure, but which gave him rights of entries du petit souper, &c. The demon of rhyme, that so often misleads men from the path of interest, he had entirely under his control, and through his exercise of it, more than once obtained objects from the king which had been refused him when he used plain prose. He purchased his office of governor of Tourenne. He married the daughter of Count von Löwenstein—she was maid of honour to the dauphiness. St. Simon traces to this marriage his being admitted a member of the French Academy. For more than thirty years of his life he wrote each day a journal of the incidents of the day; there was no concealment of the fact, and the king himself constantly amused himself with reading it. St. Simon and Voltaire both give unmeasured abuse to the work; but in St. Simon's case we can easily trace jealousies arising from their relation to the court, and occasionally seeking the same objects of ambition. Large extracts, many of them very entertaining and instructive, have been printed from Dangeau's journal, and it is to to be regretted that no perfect copy has been published.—J. A., D.
* DANGER, E. P., a French chemist, born about 1800. He is chiefly known by the experiments he performed, in conjunction with M. Ch. Flandin, on the detection of arsenic, antimony, and mercury in cases of poisoning, the results of which, confirmed by a committee of the Académie des Sciences, have upset the theory of Orfila, that arsenic exists naturally in the human tissues. Danger has published a work on the blowpipe, in which he points out a simple method of making various kinds of chemical and philosophical apparatus.—F. P.
* DANHAUSER, Joseph, born at Vienna in 1805, a very celebrated Austrian painter. The son of a statuary and upholsterer, he had been expected to follow the paternal career; but during his studies at the Viennese academy, and in accordance with the advice of Professor Krafft, the distinguished architect, he consecrated himself to the historical and genre branches of painting, in which he obtained a most decided success. The death of his father entailed on him the completion of many works quite alien to his profession, in his treatment of which he evinced extraordinary ingenuity.—R. M.
DANIEL, Arnaud (Provençal). See Arnaud de Marsan.
DANIEL, Gabriel, born at Rouen in 1649; died at Paris in 1728. Daniel was educated by the Jesuits, and entered into that order in 1667. He taught theology for some years at one of the provincial colleges, and afterwards was employed by them at Paris as bibliothèquaire. In 1694 he published an answer to Pascal's Provincial Letters. In 1713 he published his "History of France." It instantly obtained high reputation, and he was rewarded by the office of historiographe du roi, with a pension of two thousand francs. He has disentangled the obscurities of the earlier history, and rendered it readable if not credible. The count de Boulainvilliers says, in his Memoires sur le Gouvernement de France, that ten thousand blunders may be pointed out in Daniel's history. Voltaire says the blunders Boulainvilliers alludes to are of little comparative moment; that the real fault of Daniel's work is, that he knows nothing of the constitution of his country; that its true history is not seen or told; that he is silent as to rights and usurpations; and that he knows nothing of the spirit of its laws. We fear that this is too true. The history of the early kings of France, Daniel says, is more interesting than that of early Rome, inasmuch as Clovis and Dagobert had a larger territory than Romulus and Numa. There is a great deal of this unmeaning writing. Daniel is not to be depended on in anything where the interests of the jesuits are concerned. Where his prejudices do not interfere he is candid and impartial. He is praised by Augustin Thierry and Henri Martin.—J. A., D.
* DANIEL, Hermann Adalbert, a German theological writer, was born at Köthen, 18th November, 1812, and studied theology in the university of Halle, where he was afterwards appointed professor in the pædagogium. Besides his two great works—"Thesaurus Hymnologicus," and "Codex Liturgicus,"—he has written a number of theological treatises and monographs, and a highly popular handbook of geography.—K. E.
DANIEL, Samuel, an English poet and historian, was the son of a music master, and was born in 1562, near Taunton, in Somersetshire. He was educated at Magdalene Hall, Oxford, where he remained three years, devoting himself chiefly to the study of poetry and history. He quitted the university, however, without taking a degree, "his geny being," according to Anthony à Wood, "more prone to easier and smoother subjects than in pecking and hewing at logic." He resided for some time with the noble family of Pembroke, and it is probable that he was maintained by them at Oxford. He was subsequently appointed tutor to the celebrated Lady Anne Clifford, who
