1687, is in the imperial library at Paris. He composed for the Guirlande de Julie the verses on the violet generally attributed to Desmarets. He was a member of the French Academy, and d'Alembert, in his history of the members of that learned society, composed an eulogium upon him.—T. J.
ESTRÉES, François Annibal, Duc d', Marshal of France, was born in 1573. He was educated for the church, but after he had been raised to the rank of bishop of Noyon, the death of his elder brother caused him to relinquish the ecclesiastical profession, and to seek distinction in the army. After serving in various campaigns, he received the rank of marshal in 1626. He was also employed in diplomatic affairs, and at one time held the office of French ambassador at the papal court. He was the author of a collection of "Memoirs," published in 1666. He died in 1670.—D. M.
ESTRÉES, Gabrielle d', the fair favourite of Henri Quatre, was born about 1570, of a mother whose life was one of extremely questionable morality. Gabrielle followed early the maternal example, and after a career which it would be very unedifying to chronicle, became the mistress of Henri IV. He showered on her wealth and honours, and, at the beginning of 1599, was actually thinking of making her his queen, when she died suddenly in the April of that year. It has been suspected that she was poisoned, either at the instance of statesmen who were opposed to her threatened elevation, or of the grand duke of Tuscany, to the talked of marriage of whose niece, Mary de Medicis, with Henry IV., the existence of Gabrielle was the chief obstacle. M. Capefigue has published a monograph of her.—F E.
ESTRÉES, Jean d', was born in 1486. He was descended from a noble family in Picardy, and entered the French army in his youth. He distinguished himself highly in the wars during the reign of Francis I., taking part in the affairs of Marignan, Pavia, and Cerisoles, and in the successful invasion of Montferrat. As captain-general of artillery, a post to which he was appointed in 1550, he showed great ability in the siege of Calais in 1558. In the reign of Charles IX. he attained the rank of lieutenant-general. Though he professed adherence to the reformed faith, he served on several occasions against the Huguenots. He died in 1571.—D. M.
ESTREES, Jean d', French vice-admiral and marshal, viceroy of America, born in 1624; died in 1707. In his twentieth year he was present at the siege of Gravelines, where he commanded three regiments, and after some service against Condé, obtained the rank of lieutenant-general. Having prepared himself for the naval service by the proper studies, and by visiting the ports of France, England, and Holland, he was sent with a squadron to America in 1668, to oppose the English in their attempts upon the French colonies, and in the following year was promoted to the rank of vice-admiral. He afterwards served on the coast of Africa, and on the declaration of war against Holland by the governments of France and England, he was placed in command of a squadron and ordered to join the duke of York. In the action of Southwood bay, in 1672, he incurred the reproaches of the English by obeying the secret instructions of Louis XIV., to be chary of his valour, but in the following year he gained the goodwill of his allies by the courageous part he took in an action off the coast of Flanders. He continued in active service until 1685.—J. S., G.
ESTRÉES, Louis-Cæsar, Duc d', a French general and diplomatist, was born in 1695. In the earlier part of his life he bore the title of Chevalier de Louvois, the name of Estrées having been assumed by him in 1739. After serving with considerable distinction under Marshal Berwick, he was sent to Weissemburg, to attend on King Stanislaus. He made proposals for the hand of Stanislaus' daughter, which were refused on account of his inferior rank. The rest of his life was occupied with active service. He distinguished himself in the campaigns on the Rhine and in Flanders in 1744; and in the following years at Fontenoy, Raucoux, Laufield, and Maestricht. He afterwards successfully commanded in Germany. He obtained the rank of marshal of France, and was elevated to the peerage.—D. M.
ESTRÉES, Victor-Marie, Duc d'. Marshal of France, son of Jean d' Estrées, was born in 1660. He entered the French service at an early age, and the influence of his father, together with his own distinguished services, procured for him rapid promotion. He commanded at the siege of Barcelona in 1697, and in 1701 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the French and Spanish fleets. Two years afterwards he obtained the rank of marshal of France. He was made governor of Bretagne in 1720. He was a member of the French Academy and a generous patron of literature. He died in 1737.—D. M.
ESTRUP, Hector Frederik Janson, Danish statsraad and historian, born 5th January, 1794, at Randers, where his father was pastor. His most esteemed work is "Om Trældom i Norden" (On the Serfdom of the North). He died on his estate, Hovegaarden Kongsdal, December 29, 1846.—M. H.
ETAMPES, Anne de Pisseleu, Duchess d', one of the favourites of Francis I., king of France, was born in 1508, and was the daughter of a gentleman of Picardy named Guillaume de Pisseleu. She was introduced at court during the captivity of Francis after the battle of Pavia, and became maid of honour to Louisa of Savoy, mother of the king and regent of France. On the liberation of Francis after the treaty of Madrid in 1526, Anne was introduced to him at Bayonne, and the pleasure-loving monarch became deeply enamoured with the young lady, whose personal charms were enhanced both by her vivacity and by her solid attainments. Her admirers were accustomed to say that she was the most beautiful of philosophers, and the most learned of beauties. Francis fell completely under her sway. In 1356 he gave his favourite in marriage to John de Brosse, a descendant of the viscounts of Limoges, to whom Francis not only restored the estates forfeited by his father, but conferred on him various honours, and created Anne Duchess d' Etampes. Her marriage in no degree lessened the royal favour, and her power over the licentious monarch remained undiminished until his death. After the death of Francis the duchess was disgraced and driven into exile by Henry II. She died about 1576.—J. T.
* ETEX, Antoine, a distinguished French sculptor, was born in Paris in 1808, and studied under Ingres and Pradier. He obtained great success by the group "Cain and his Family," exhibited in 1833. In this work, the characteristics of a style true to nature, noble, impressive, and yet abounding in subtle graces, were at once recognized. In his group of the "Cholera," which was exhibited in London in 1851, a certain coarseness was remarked, which detracted not a little from the credit of the work. Etex has been a fertile artist. We notice, as amongst the most important of his recent works, his two colossal groups for the Arc de l'Etoile, representing "Peace" and "Resistance;" the monument of Géricault at Pére la Chaise; and his "Blanche de Castile" at Versailles. Etex at one time modelled busts, but of late he has relinquished that branch of art. He is also a painter; and his "Bathing Girl," the first picture he produced, led one to expect a great deal from him in this character. Whether the expectation will be gratified, now that the artist, as is said, has altogether put aside the chisel and taken to the palette, remains to be seen.—R. M.
ETHELBALD, King of Mercia, succeeded Ceolred in 716, at a period of the Anglo-Saxon history which was chiefly occupied with the struggles between that kingdom and Wessex for the supremacy. During the early part of his reign the balance inclined strongly in his favour, and he succeeded in extending his authority from the Humber to the English channel. But Wessex rose again with new energy to the conflict, and a signal victory over the Mercians, in a battle fought at Burford in 752, compelled Ethelbald to give way. He was slain in 754, resisting the attempt of one of his nobles to seize the throne.—W. B.
ETHELBALD, King of Wessex, ranks among the kings of England, on account of the predominance to which Wessex rose in the heptarchy. He obtained the throne in 856, during the lifetime of his father, Ethelwulf, who returned from Rome to find that his absence, and his unpopular marriage with Judith of France, had given Ethelbald the opportunity of raising a strong party against him. The sceptre of Wessex was resigned to the ambitious prince, who held it till his death in 860. His reign was not disturbed by any invasion of the Danes, against whom he had in early life distinguished himself. But his vices weakened his influence over his subjects, and his union with Judith, his father's widow, caused such discontent, that the remonstrances of Swithin, bishop of Winchester, effected ere long the dissolution of the marriage. Matilda, the wife of William the Conqueror, was a descendant of Judith by her subsequent union with the count of Flanders.—W. B.
ETHELBERT, King of Kent, a lineal descendant of Hengist, succeeded his father Ermenric in 560. Ceawlin, king of Wessex, competed with him for the predominance in the heptarchy, and by a signal victory at Wimbledon gained the title of
