of Sciences, of which he was a foreign associate, was written by Condorcet.—W. J. M. R.
EUMENES I., King of Pergamus, succeeded his uncle in 263 b.c., and reigned twenty-two years. He obtained a victory over Antiochus Soter, near Sardis.—J. S., G.
EUMENES II., King of Pergamus, son of Attains I., whom he succeeded 197 b.c. He cultivated assiduously the friendship of the Romans, with whom his predecessor had entered into alliance; and in the battle of Magnesia, 190 b.c., he commanded in person the contingent which he had furnished to the Roman army. For this service he obtained from the senate such an accession of territory as raised him from comparative obscurity to the position of a powerful monarch. The favour which he enjoyed at Rome, however, was interrupted by suspicions of treachery, arising out of his relations with Perseus, the Macedonian monarch, against whom the Romans had declared war. According to the account of Polybius, these suspicions were not altogether unfounded. To combat them in person before the senate, Eumenes set out for Italy, but was forbidden to approach Rome. He died about 159 b.c. He adorned the city of Pergamus with splendid buildings, and founded a magnificent library.—J. S., G.
EUMENES of Cardia, an important actor in the affairs of Macedonia after the death of Alexander the Great. Some accounts represent him as the son of a labourer; others as the scion of a distinguished family. He attracted the attention of Philip of Macedon on the occasion of his visiting Cardia, and became private secretary to the king. Alexander continued him in his office; took him with him on his Asian expedition, and honoured him with both civil and military employment of the greatest responsibility. After the death of Alexander, Eumenes obtained the government of Cappadocia, Paphlagonia, and Pontus. These satrapies, Perdiccas the regent, to whom he transferred his faithful services, conquered for him from Ariarathes, 322 b.c. In the following spring Eumenes was appointed by Perdiccas, who had declared war against Ptolemy, to the chief command in Asia Minor. In this position he had to resist the advance of Antipater and Craterus; the latter he completely defeated. Before the news of his victory had reached Egypt, however, Perdiccas had fallen a victim to the discontent of his troops, who had suffered a series of defeats, and Eumenes now took his place as an object of hatred to the Macedonian soldiers. The task of displacing him from his government and defeating his schemes for the triumph of the royal family, was committed to Antigonus, into whose hands, after a long and valiant resistance, he was eventually betrayed. Although personally willing to spare his captive, Antigonus, yielding to the demands of his officers, put Eumenes to death in 315. Both as a soldier and as a statesman, Eumenes retains a place in history very near to that of Alexander. In his enterprises, after the death of the conqueror, he was shackled by the hostility with which, as a foreigner by birth, he was regarded in Macedonia. This gave an advantage to the leaders opposed to him, which his consummate ability as a general, and his craft and caution as a statesman, enabled him to countervail for a time, but not eventually to overcome.—J. S., G.
EUMENIUS, a celebrated rhetorician, was born at the Gallic town now called Autun, about 260, and died in the first part of the following century. He was of Grecian descent by the father's side. Eumenius became magister sacræ memoriæ under Constantius Chlorus; and when that emperor restored the school of rhetoric at Autun, the management of it was placed in his hands. Some of his orations, which are mostly of the eulogistic kind which distinguished the decline of Roman literature, are to be found amongst the Panegyrici Veteres.—R. M., A.
EUNAPIUS, a Greek historian of the empire, was born at Sardis in 347. Brought up in the study of Greek philosophy he was a bitter enemy of christianity, which he often attacked in his writings. He settled at last in Athens, where he taught rhetoric. He was the author of two works—a book of "Lives of Sophists," and a "History of the Empire from a.d. 270 to a.d. 404." Of the latter work only a few fragments are extant. It was remarkable chiefly for the intolerable badness of its style, and for the virulence with which it abused christianity and its great champion Constantine. The "Lives of Sophists" are still in existence, and are only curious as giving information of the state of philosophy at a time of which every other record has perished. The writer was a Neo-platonist.—G. R. L.
EUNOMIUS, a famous heresiarch of the fourth century, was the son of a peasant, and was born at Dacora, a town in Cappadocia. In early life he is said to have been a soldier, and also to have followed the profession of law for some time; but having visited Constantinople and afterwards Alexandria, where he was the disciple of Aetius, he returned to Asia, and was ordained a deacon by Eudoxus, the bishop of Antioch. In going some time afterwards to defend Eudoxus before the emperor from the attacks of Basil of Ancyra, he was seized by some of Basil's partisans, and was banished by them to Mide in Phrygia. Having returned, however, to Constantinople, he was in the year 360 made bishop of Cyzicum by his friend and protector Eudoxus, who advised him to be cautious in the promulgation of his heretical opinions. This advice was wholly lost on Eunomius, who soon so much disturbed the church by his intemperate zeal, that Eudoxus himself was obliged, by order of the emperor, to depose him from his bishopric. He retired to Calcedonia, and was not long after accused by the Emperor Valens of having afforded shelter to the tyrant Procopius, and was banished to Mauritania, but was recalled through the influence of Valens, bishop of Mursa. It was not long, however, till his imprudent conduct and obnoxious views involved him in new troubles; and after having been much tossed about the world, and subjected to many privations, he was allowed to return to his birth-place, where he died at an advanced age about the year 394. The writings of Eunomius were numerous and highly valued by his followers, who had more respect for them than for the gospels; but few of them are extant. His views of the divine nature and of the person of Christ were akin to those of Arius, as will appear from the following sentences taken from a confession of his faith, presented to the Emperor Theodosius in 383, and extant in Greek and Latin:—"There is one God uncreated and unbeginning." "God begot, created, and made the Son only by his own direct operation and power before all things and every other creature, not producing, however, any other being like himself, nor imparting any part of his own proper substance to the Son." "He then created the Holy Spirit, the first and greatest of all spirits."—J. B. J.
EUNUS, leader of the servile war which broke out in Sicily in 135 b.c. He was a native of Apamea in Syria, and while a slave of Antigenes at Enna in Sicily, he followed the trade of prophet and juggler, and obtained a great influence among the slave population of the island. The insurrection—which armed him for a time with sovereign powers, and which was only reduced after several Roman armies under the command, first of the prætors and then of a consul, had been shamefully defeated—was commenced under the auspices of Eunus by the slaves of one Damophilus attacking and capturing the town of Enna. It soon spread over the whole island, embracing the entire slave population, a great proportion of which was of Syrian origin Eunus, deprived of his army in a great battle fought near Messana, was eventually obliged to take refuge in a cave, where he was captured, and brought before the Roman consul. He died in prison at Morgantia in 133 b.c.—J. S., G.
EUPHORION, a Greek grammarian and poet, was born about 274 b.c., at Chalcis in Eubœa. Far from attractive in person, he was commemorated in epigrams for his amours. He died in Syria, whither he went in his old age after having accumulated riches, and where he was made librarian by Antiochus the Great. He was a voluminous writer, both in prose and verse. Some fragments of his writings remain, but none of any great extent. The subjects of his books were chiefly mythological. His epigrams were admired in Rome. Cicero speaks of his admirers with contempt.—G. R., L.
EUPHRANOR of the isthmus of Corinth, or the Isthmian painter and sculptor, pupil of Ariston the son of Aristides of Thebes, was one of the greatest artists of the age of Praxiteles, about 350 b.c. The epoch in Greek art immediately preceding that which the artists of this age inaugurated, was that marked by the sublime works of Phidias and Polycletus, who had given the final blow to the hieratic school. While Praxiteles and other artists of merit followed the grand mystic style of the former of these artists, Euphranor, together with Lysippus, wrought upon the models left by Polycletus, and, like him, chose almost exclusively athletic and heroic subjects. Amongst the works of Euphranor we find mention of three statues of Paris in different characters; a statue of Vulcan, in which the god of fire was not disfigured by lameness; a group representing Greece crowned by
