untinctured by acrimony. Eustace had previously travelled on the continent with some young men of rank and fortune, whose education he superintended; and the result of his topographical observations is traceable in "The Classical Tour through Italy," which first appeared in 2 vols. 4to in 1813. Before the year 1821 this book ran through six editions. It is praised by Alibone and Stevenson, but abused by Sir J. Cam Hobhouse in a note to Childe Harold. In June, 1814, Eustace accompanied Lord Carrington to Paris, of which excursion he published a brief narrative under the title of "Letters from Paris to George Petre, Esq." He was engaged in collecting materials for a supplementary volume to his "Classical Tour," on the past and present state of Italy, when a fever carried him off at Naples in 1815. But the work which Eustace failed to finish Sir R. Colt Hoare performed in a manner gratifying to the friends of its author, as a tribute of respect to his genius, and of affection to his memory. Lady Morgan made Eustace' able work the basis of her celebrated book on Italy. Stevenson says that Eustace' statements are not always to be depended on where his religious opinions intervene; but, on the other hand, we know, on the best authority, that the liberality of some passages in Eustace' "Classical Tour" gave offence at Rome, and met with the disapproval of several Roman catholic ecclesiastics. Mr. Eustace had made considerable progress in a didactic poem.—W. J. F.
EUSTACHI or EUSTACHIUS, Bartolommeo, one of the three great Italian anatomists who, with Vesalius and Fallopius, may be said to be the founders of the modern science of anatomy. He was so poor, and his labours were considered of so little importance, that even his birthplace is unknown. We learn only incidentally, from the dedication of one of his treatises, that he was professor of medicine at the collegio della Sapienzia at Rome in 1563. In the same dedication he refers to his own circumstances, and states that his resources are feeble, his position humble, and his income uncertain. Although a professor, he seems to have given no lectures. This probably arose from some physical inability to teach, and his straitened circumstances may in some measure have depended on his irritable disposition, which betrays itself occasionally in his works. Be this as it may, there is no doubt that he lived poor and died indigent, and has left behind him ample proof that he was one of the greatest anatomists the world has seen. His works are not numerous, but they are sufficient to justify his claims to the position in which the history of anatomical science has placed him. Great as was his fame during his life and directly after his death, it was yet increased by the discovery of a number of copperplates of a work which he never lived to complete, and which were not published till a hundred and fifty years after his death. These plates were discovered at Urbino in 1712, and published by Lancisi, assisted by Morgagni and Pacchioni in 1714. Several editions of these wonderful plates have since been published; the best is that by Albinus, which was published at Leyden in 1744, and reprinted in 1762. Great as were the men who edited this work, the descriptions are not equal to the plates, which at the present day may be studied with advantage by the anatomical student. The various papers which Eustachius produced during his life were collected together, and published in a volume entitled "Opuscula Anatomica," at Venice in 1563. In this volume are several important anatomical papers. The first was on the structure of the kidney, in which he adds much to what had already been done by Vesalius on that organ; the second was on the organs of hearing, and here he first described the tube between the mouth and the ear, which still bears his name. He also was the first to describe one of the small bones of the ear. The third paper was on the bones, in which he entered into a controversy with Vesalius on the knowledge possessed by Galen of the structure of the human skeleton. In this paper the anatomy of the skeleton of the apes was first truly described. In another paper he describes for the first time the structure and position of the azygos vein. In the last of these remarkable essays he gives an account of the teeth, and was the first to give the history of their development. He also described the valve of the heart, which is named after him the Eustachian valve. He died at Rome about the year 1574.—E. L.
EUSTASE, St., was born in Burgundy about 560, and died in 625. He had already reached manhood when he entered the monastery of Luxeu. St. Columbanus, who was at the head of that community, intrusted him with the education of its youths. He rendered also good service to the literature of his time by encouraging the transcription of MSS. When Columbanus was obliged to flee from the hatred of Brunehaut, Eustase succeeded him in the government of the monastery.—R. M., A.
EUSTATHIUS, of Antioch, a native of Side in Pamphylia, was first bishop of Berea, then of Antioch; to the latter of which he was appointed by the Nicene synod in 325. Eustathius was distinguished as a zealous opponent of Arianism. At a synod of Arians convened in Antioch in 331, he was charged with Sabellianism, deposed from office, and banished to Thrace, where he died in 360. Only one of his works has been preserved, combating Origen's opinion about the witch of Endor. There is little doubt that he was ill-treated and maligned by the party whose bitter enemy he had been.—S. D.
EUSTATHIUS, of Cappadocia, a Neo-platonist, pupil of Jamblichus and Ædesius Eunapius, who alone has left any account of him, represents him as gifted with wonderful eloquence, and he relates that when the Persians besieged Antioch, the Emperor Constantius sent the philosopher as ambassador to King Sapor in 358, the oratorical reputation of Eustathius being so great as to countervail at Rome the objections to his creed. Eustathius, when his mission was completed, refused, on account of certain prodigies, to return home. His wife Sosipatra was a woman of talent and learning.
EUSTATHIUS, of Thessalonica, was born in Constantinople in the twelfth century. He was first a monk, then a deacon in the church of St. Sophia, and professor of eloquence. In 1174 or 1175 he became bishop of Myra in Lycia, and was soon after transferred to the see of Thessalonica, where he continued till his death, about 1196. Eustathius was the most learned man of his age, a very industrious writer, upright in character, and a great orator. His writings are numerous, containing philological commentaries on Greek poets, theological treatises, homilies, letters, &c. The most important of his works is the "Commentary on the Iliad and Odyssey," first published at Rome, 1542-1550, 4 vols. folio; a huge compilation, embodying the results of extensive reading. Tafel has supplied some information in modern times respecting him; and Neander has drawn his characteristics as a reformer of the middle age. (Neander's Wissenschaft; Abhandlungen by Jacobi, Berlin, 1851.)—S. D.
EUSTATHIUS ROMANUS, a Græco-Roman jurist of Constantinople of the tenth century, who filled various offices there. The years of his birth and death are alike unknown. He is quoted under four appellations—Eustathius, Patricius, Romanus, and Magister. None of his works have been printed, though several exist in MS.—S. D.
EUSTRATIUS, metropolitan of Nicæa, a commentator upon Aristotle, lived about the beginning of the twelfth century, under Alexius Comnenus. Only two of his writings are extant—"A Commentary to the Second Book of the Analytica" and "A Commentary to Aristotle's Ethica Nicomachea"—parts of this work are of doubtful authenticity.—J. S., G.
EUTHYMIUS ZIGABENUS, a Greek monk, lived at Constantinople about the commencement of the twelfth century. He was on terms of intimate friendship with the Emperor Alexius Comnenus. He wrote a book against heretics; another against the sect of the Messaliani; a commentary on the Psalms, and one on the four gospels.—J. S., G.
EUTOCIUS, a Greek mathematician of the sixth century. He published no separate work, being known only by his commentaries on Archimedes and Apollonius. These commentaries, in a historical point of view, are very valuable, as they make frequent reference to authors whose works are altogether lost. They serve to fill up gaps in the progress of mathematical science, and enable us to discover the successive steps by which the most important results have been achieved. He studied under Isidore, one of the architects of the church of St. Sophia who edited an edition of Archimedes. Eutocius quotes from this edition, which seems to have been much more complete than the one now extant.—W. L. M.
EUTROPIUS, author of a short history of Rome, lived towards the close of the fourth century. There has been much dispute about his origin. Some make him an Italian, others a Gaul, while a third party declare him to be a Greek. His creed also has been debated; and he has been spoken of as a disciple of Augustine. But even if this story were not improbable on mere grounds of chronology, it is confuted by the commendations which Eutropius has received from writers near his time, for his
