of the discussion that took place between Newton and Leibnitz about the invention of the differential calculus, having been chagrined because the latter did not include him amongst the mathematicians to whom he submitted his difficult problems. Faccio, who was once thought a Spinozist, afterwards attached himself to the French prophets who, at the beginning of the last century, made a considerable noise in the world. He became their secretary, and considered himself inspired of God and able to work miracles. On the 2d December, 1707, he was pilloried at Charing Cross for his extravagances. This punishment, however, did not cool his zeal. He became possessed with the notion of converting the world to Christianity, and with this end in view set out for Asia. Of the latter part of his life little is known, save that he returned to England and died, after some years of silence and obscurity, at Worcester.—R. M., A.
FACCIOLATI, Jacopo or Giacomo, born of a poor but respectable family at Torreglia, near Padua, on the 4th January, 1682. At twelve years of age, by his pleasing manners and promising qualities, having obtained the protection of Cardinal Barberigo, he succeeded in entering the seminary at Padua, where he received a gratuitous education, and where he took his degree of D.D. in the year 1704. Scarcely a year had elapsed when Facciolati was elected professor of theology in the same seminary—an office that left him many leisure hours, which he devoted to the study of mathematics and jurisprudence. Nor was he less distinguished in literature; and the reputation he enjoyed as a classical scholar being already universally admitted, he was soon called to the chair of classical literature in the then flourishing university of Padua—an office for which his deep philological knowledge well suited him. His lectures on modern languages and literature attracted an immense crowd of students from all parts of Italy, and in a short time his reputation was established as the greatest philologist of the time. With the assistance of Egidio Forcellini, his pupil, he corrected and amplified the so-called Calepino, a dictionary in seven languages. Some years after he published his "Ortografia Italiana," reviewed Nizzoli's Greek grammar, Screvelli's Greek lexicon, and produced many other works enumerated at length by Tipaldo in his biographical work. Morgani and Forcellini concede to Facciolati a prominent place amongst modern Latinists, and his "Orationes Latinæ" are considered an excellent model of classic style. After having filled with honour to himself and to his country many professorships and dignities in the university of Padua, and enjoying fully the esteem and affection of all the great men of Italy, Facciolati died at a very advanced age on the 25th of August, 1769.—A. C. M.
FACIO, Bartolomeo. See Fazio.
FACUNDUS HERMIANENSIS, a Latin theologian of the sixth century, was bishop of Hermiane in Africa, but resided for many years at Constantinople, as a representative of the African churches at the imperial court. He is chiefly remembered for the prominent part he took in the controversy which then prevailed about the "three chapters." These three chapters, or articles rather (capitula, κεφαλαια), were the persons of Theodorus of Mopsuestia, Theodoret of Cyrus, Ibas of Edessa, and some of their several writings. These being adjudged undeserving of censure by the council of Chalcedon, were rashly condemned by a decree of the Emperor Justinian, who thought thus to invalidate the authority of that council and deal a mortal blow to Nestorianism. This decree, however, was opposed by the Western and African bishops, amongst the latter of whom Facundus of Hermiane was especially prominent. They refused to hold fellowship with Vigilius, the Roman pontiff, who had been summoned to Constantinople and forced to condemn the three chapters, till he should retract this implied censure of the council of Chalcedon. For this Facundus was obliged to remain for some time in concealment, during which he wrote his reply to Mutianus Scholasticus, a writer who had inveighed against the African bishops. The other principal work of Facundus, is entitled "Pro defensione trium capitulorum Libri xii."—R. M., A.
FADLALLAH, Chodsa Raschid Addin, an oriental historian of the thirteenth century, was the son of a physician of Hamadan in Persia. Appointed vizier to the Sultan Cazan (a descendant of the famous Genghis), who reigned at Taurus, he was ordered by his master to draw up a history of the moguls from materials that had been collected by an old officer, called Poulad. This work, which is entitled "Tarickh Moubarec Cazani, or, the august history of Cazam," was finished during the reign of Mohammed Khodabendi, Cazam's successor. Part of it has been translated into French.—R. M., A.
* FAED, Thomas, painter, was born in 1826 at Burley Mill in the stewartry of Kircudbright. Having lost his father when quite young, and being permitted to follow the bent of his early inclination, he, at the age of seventeen, repaired to Edinburgh, where an elder brother was already successfully practising as an artist, and entered himself as a student in the school of design, then presided over by Sir William Allan. Here he greatly distinguished himself, carrying off more than one of the annual prizes. His early pictures, though including some of a more ambitious character, were chiefly on rustic subjects. In 1849 he was elected an associate of the Royal Scottish Academy. In 1851 his name appears for the first time in the catalogue of the Royal Academy, London; three pictures, "Early Piety," "Auld Robin Gray," and "The First Step," having been contributed by him. The following year he had two pictures in the Royal Academy, and had become a resident in London. Thenceforward he has been steadily growing in reputation. Every year his pictures have found a place on the Academy walls, and some years they have been among the attractions of the exhibition. The following, which are some of his leading pictures, will sufficiently illustrate his class of subjects—"Peggy, from the Gentle Shepherd," 1854; "The Mitherless Bairn," 1855; "Home and the Homeless," and "Highland Mary," 1856; "The First Break in the Family," 1857; "A Listener never hears gude o' himsel'," 1858; and "Sunday in the Backwoods," 1859. Mr. Faed is one of the few of our younger painters who have not yielded to the prevalent fashion for minute finish and quaintness of composition. He paints with a full pencil and a free hand, and always with most appearance of enjoyment when he is illustrating some homely Scottish theme.—J. T—e.
FAERNO, Gabriele, a celebrated modern Latin poet, was a native of Cremona, and flourished about the middle of the sixteenth century. His extreme modesty would have obscured his undoubted merit, had he not been known to Cardinal Giovanni di Medici, who bestowed on the youthful poet his powerful protection. Soon after that cardinal's elevation to the pontifical chair under the name of Pius IV., Faerno was warmly recommended to Cardinal Borromeo, who liberally provided for his wants. By order of Pius IV., Faerno composed one hundred fables in various Latin metres, deriving his arguments from Æsop. The historian Thou accuses Faerno of plagiarism, as if he had taken his subjects from Phædrus; but it is quite certain that Phædrus was discovered by Pithou more than twenty years after Faerno's death. Terence and Plautus were his models; and, such is the intrinsic merit of his fables, that they have been translated into almost every language. Perault published a version in French verse. Faerno's notes on Catullus, Plautus, and Terentius, published at Florence in 1565, are highly esteemed. He was giving the last touches to a treatise on Latin versification, when he was struck by death on the 17th of November, 1561.—A. C. M.
FAES, Lely. See Lely, Sir Peter.
FAGAN, Christophe Barthélemy, born at Paris in 1702; died in 1755. He had some small government appointment sufficient for his support, lived with little other purpose than amusing himself, and wrote several pieces for the theatre, which were successful on their first appearance, and of which one, "Les Originaux," was revived in 1802. His works have been published in four vols., Paris, 1760.—J. A., D.
FAGE, Durand, one of the prophets of the Cevennes, was born at Aubais in 1681, and died in England about the middle of last century. Brought up among the camisards, and familiar with the horrors of persecution, he lost his sobriety of temper, and became one of those who fancied themselves the subjects of inspiration. After the power of his party was broken, he came over to England along with Elie Marion and Jean Cavalier—the latter their heroic and illustrious leader. He wrote an account of his experience of the gift of prophecy; but he would seem to have grown wiser with age, and is said to have outlived his fanaticism.—R. M., A.
FAGEL, the name of a celebrated Dutch family, which has produced a number of distinguished statesmen. The most eminent of these are—
Fagel, Gaspard, who was born at Haarlem in 1629. He was nominated pensionary of his native city in 1663, and in 1670 was made recorder to the states-general. Two years later, on the barbarous murder of the brothers De Witt, he was
