Worcester, which was then attached to the professorship. Up till this time he was a strict Calvinist, but departed from that faith through the influence of Laud, and was appointed dean of Lichfield in 1637, and in the following year dean of Christ church. In 1645 he was elected vice-chancellor, but was denuded of office two years afterwards by the parliamentary visitors. He died in February, 1648, and was buried in the chancel of Sunning-well church, near Abingdon, of which he had been rector. Dr. Fell had the reputation of a scholar, and was a munificent benefactor to Christ-church college.—J. L. A.
FELLENBERG, Philippe Emmanuel de, was born at Berne in the year 1771. On the father's side he belonged to the class of nobles; his admirable mother, from whom he inherited much of the beauty of his character, wan descended from the famous Admiral Van Tromp. In his childhood she used to say to him—it was a precept which he never forgot—"The great have friends enough; be thou the friend of the poor." Arrived at manhood, he accustomed himself to great plainness and even austerity of life. He traversed great part of Switzerland, France, and Germany, collecting information relative to the morals, the habits, but especially the wants, of the poor inhabitants. After his return he spent a year on the banks of the lake of Zurich in nearly absolute solitude; there he vowed himself to the cause of popular instruction and improvement. After the revolution of 1798, which transformed the old Swiss federation into the "Helvetic republic," Fellenberg took office under the new government. But soon after, finding that the government had broken faith with the people in respect of some promise which had been made to them, he resigned the post, and in the following year founded his celebrated institution of Hofwyl. He purchased the estate of that name, consisting of about two hundred and fifty acres, and lying in a valley at the distance of three leagues from Berne. The ideas which had long been working in his mind, and to which he was now to endeavour to give outward manifestation, were such as these; that education, as commonly understood, was too much confined to the intellect, and even in developing that, proceeded too often by dull unspiritual methods; that practical life was too much divorced from theory, and the life of thinkers too little vivified and sobered by contact with the world's business; that this estrangement between the workers and the thinkers tended to brutalize the former, and to turn the latter into dreaming enthusiasts; lastly, and as resulting from these premises, that the true education was that which addressed itself to the whole concrete being of man, which supplied the subject with that object, in nature and in life, which was best adapted to its powers and most attractive to its aims—which, after studying the varieties of human character, laboured to launch every individual upon his appropriate career. We can only indicate in the briefest manner the steps which he took to embody these ideas in institutions. First, the estate itself was made a model farm, being cultivated by the pupils of the agricultural school, to be mentioned presently. A portion of land, amounting to one-tenth of the whole, was reserved for making experiments with new manures, varieties of seed, new machines, &c. Large workshops were added, in which all kinds of agricultural implements were made and repaired. The agricultural school, which in 1833 numbered one hundred pupils, was established for the sons of peasants. They were admitted at the age of seven years, and were bound to stay till they were twenty-one; in this way the value of their labour during the later years of the term, reimbursed Fellenberg for the expense of their maintenance and instruction during the earlier years. Agriculture was the chief employment of these pupils; their intellectual instruction came in as a relaxation from manual toil, and was carefully adapted to the industrial life in which they were trained. They were also taught to fear God and believe in the Saviour; for Fellenberg, whose religious feelings, though somewhat vague, were deep-seated and sincere, always maintained that no system of education could be permanently successful, which was not steeped in and permeated with the religious spirit. A school of industry was also established for girls; but it did not answer, and had to be abandoned. There was an intermediate school for the sons of farmers, in which the scientific and theoretical side of the training, though it remained thoroughly industrial in its character, was carried to a much higher point than in the peasants' school. There were also a training school for teachers, and a summer school for the improvement of village schoolmasters. Lastly, there was a school for the upper classes, the pupils of which paid for their education, and, though not entirely exempted from manual labour, received a training mainly intellectual. This noble-minded man, to whom so much of what is sound and valuable in our modern schemes of education and juvenile reformation may be traced, died in 1844; and, in the troubled times which followed, the institution at Hofwyl fell to the ground.—T. A.
FELLER, Francis Xavier de, a Belgian publicist, was born at Brussels in 1735, and died in 1802. He was educated by the jesuits, with whom he passed his noviciate at Tournay. After this he taught rhetoric, first at Luxemburg, then at Liege. He travelled in Italy, Poland, and Austria, and after the suppression of his order in the Low Countries in 1773, took the name of Flexier de Reval (an anagram of Xavier de Feller). From 1774 to 1794 he edited a historical and literary journal, Luxemburg and Mæstricht, 60 vols. 8vo. When the French revolution broke out he quitted Liege, and after a period of anxious changes and wanderings, settled in 1797 at Ratisbon, where he died. Feller was a voluminous writer, but is known now only by his "Dictionnaire Historique," which has had an immense popularity. It was written with the design of furthering the interests of the church, and though chargeable with numerous faults, is a work of very considerable excellence. Feller was much indebted to Chaudon.—R. M., A.
FELLER, Joachim, was born in 1628, and died in 1691. His education was chiefly at Leipzig, where he became professor of poetry and librarian. He was one of the writers in the Acta Eruditorum, and had the character of a captious and quarrelsome critic. He lost his life by falling accidentally from a window. His catalogues of the manuscripts in the library which he superintended are of value.—J. A., D.
FELLER, Joachim Friedrich, son of the preceding, was born at Leipzig in 1673, and died in 1726. He was given the degree of doctor of philosophy at the age of fifteen, and, as was the custom of his day, travelled from one seat of learning to another to complete his studies. At Wolfenbüttel he assisted Leibnitz in collecting and arranging materials for the history of the house of Brunswick. In 1706 he became secretary of the duke of Weimar. He is described as having overworked himself, and thus having shortened his life.—J. A., D.
FELLOWES, Robert, LL.D., a writer on religious and other subjects, was born in 1770 of an old Norfolk family, and received his university education at St. Mary's hall, Oxford. Ordained in 1795, a minister of the Church of England, he was appointed curate of Harbury in 'Warwickshire. Here his extensive classical learning and studious habits recommended him to the notice of the celebrated Dr. Parr, who held a small living in the same county, and a lasting friendship was formed between them. In 1798, the publication of Fellowes' "Picture of Christian Philosophy" excited some attention in the theological world. It was attacked as latitudinarian, and even heterodox; but Dr. Parr generously came to the defence of his friend, and in a note appended to his well-known Spital sermon, pronounced a sonorous panegyric both on the work itself and its author's integrity and earnestness in the discharge of his clerical duties. In 1800 appeared "The Anti-Calvinist;" and in 1801, "Religion without Cant." They were followed by "Guide to Immortality" in 1804, and "A Body of Theology," published in 1807. In the course of his literary labours. Dr. Fellowes had gradually become convinced of the want of harmony between his own opinions and those of the Church of England, and eventually he honestly withdrew from a position which he could no longer hold conscientiously. At the end of 1807 he went to reside in the metropolis, and we find him appointed editor of the Critical 'Review, and, besides, busily engaged in its management during the succeeding six years. In this capacity he figures in the correspondence of Southey, who pronounces him "a very interesting man." In the year 1820 the feelings of the nation were roused in an extraordinary degree by the prosecution of Queen Caroline, and addresses of sympathy with her cause poured in from all parts of the kingdom. The task of composing the answers to these addresses was confided to Dr. Fellowes, and the skill and tact with which they were varied elicited much praise. His pen was also employed in occasional contributions to the columns of the newspapers, and in 1821 appeared a series of letters signed "The Spirit of Hampden." So far back as 1799, moreover, he had shown an interest in political questions, by the publication of a pamphlet entitled "An Address to the
