but the armed polemic, jealous of his position as champion of the church, was more than a match for his unsuspicious and guileless opponent. Madame de Maintenon truly sketched the position of parties when she said that the one was the greatest theologian and the other the greatest wit of his age, the latter epithet being used in a very different sense from its present acceptation; and Fénélon put the matter as truly, and as pointedly, when he wrote to his adversary—"After having so often given me offences for reasons, have you not taken my reasons for offences?" The publication of "Telémache" at this period, through the treachery of a servant or copyist, barred Fénélon from all court favour. The king was supposed to be sketched and satirized under the characters of Idomeneus and Adrastus. There is no foundation for such a charge—the book, indeed, was written several years before, and when its author was at court. This poetic drama, sketching primitive and simple times, formed on the antique classic models, inculcating virtue as the glory of princes and the happiness of nations, introducing conversations so airy and graceful, and throwing the hues of poetry over discussions in political economy, had an immense circulation. It was fitted for the times—when severe study was shunned as ungentlemanly, and fiction was enjoyed as much for its elegance as for the truth of which it was the vehicle. In the retirement of his diocese, Fénélon proved the trueness of his nature and the depth of his goodness. He did not weakly sigh after Versailles, though he did not renounce all hope of being recalled, but performed the work of a pastor among all classes as kindly and disinterestedly, as humbly and gladly, as if the primitive age of the church had been revived. His benign nobleness adorned his episcopal rank; he could be happy in doing good, even though Bossuet had thundered and Louis had frowned upon him. The wars of the king brought misery upon the frontiers of the realm; but the wisdom and goodness of Fénélon inspired Marlborough and Eugene with affectionate veneration, and the diocese of Cambray was exempted from spoliation. Strangers came from many a region to sit at his feet, and listen to his pure and elevated thoughts on popery and the social progress of the world, on peace and war, on free and despotic forms of government. When jansenism began to revive, Fénélon assaulted it with vehemence. His last public effort was in relation to the Bull Unigenitus, issued by Clement in condemnation of Quesnel's works. Some indeed imagined that his alacrity in this matter was increased by the grudge he bore to the cardinal de Noailles. Opposition to jansenism was deeply seated in his nature, for in the letter written to the king on his deathbed, and only two days before he expired, he specially prays his majesty, to appoint as his successor one who is stoutly opposed to jansenism, whose opinions against it are notoires et solides. Fénélon was, moreover, such a true son of the church that he obeyed the papal court, and so contrived apparently to stifle his convictions. It must be admitted, however, that he gave himself too much to the jesuits in the contest, as if through them, and his antagonism to the party so bitterly hated by them, he might be replaced at court; and, in opposition to Bossuet's brave defence of the liberties of the Gallican, he taught absolute submission to the Italian court. His young pupil suddenly died when, by his father's decease, he stood next in succession to the throne, and all the hopes founded on Fénélon's careful tuition of the prince were blasted.
Thus passed the latter days of this worthy prelate. A slight fall, or rather the shock sustained by the overturning of his carriage, hastened his end, and he died after an illness of six days at the age of sixty-four, on the 7th January, 1715. His almoner published an account of his last days, which were spent in hearing the "divine words" of scripture read to him, and in fervent religious exercises. He left no ready money; his generosity at all times, and his liberal support of the French army in his neighbourhood during three campaigns, had exhausted all his funds. The letters dictated by him on his deathbed to the king and to the chapter, as well as his latter will, are in perfect harmony with the wise, gentle, and pious course of his life. Pope Clement wept on hearing of his death, and it is said would years ago have made him a cardinal but for fear of the king. Such was the miserable prostration of mind and honour before this cold and stately monarch, that in the usual éloge pronounced on Fénélon in the Academy by Boze, his successor, and Dacier, the director, the name of "Télémache," his most famous publication, durst not be introduced. According to M. Simon, Fénélon was tall and thin, with delicate features, and a noble and expressive countenance—"It required an effort to cease looking at him." The most important works of Fénélon not referred to in the preceding sketch are his "Dialogues sur l'eloquence;" "Demonstration de l'existence de Dieu;" and his "Refutation du Systeme de Malebranche." The works of Fénélon are found more or less full in various editions, as in that of Versailles and Paris, in 34 vols. 8vo., 1820-30. The clergy of France voted in 1782 40,000 livres for an edition; but this edition of Querbeuf wants the treatises on Quietism. A new edition—Œuvres complètes—in 16 vols. imper. octavo, appeared at Paris, 1851. Many of his treatises have been translated into English. The first biography of him was by the Scottish Chevalier Ramsay, who had been converted under his roof from something like atheism to something like popery in 1725. The best life is by De Bausset, bishop of Alais, 3 vols., 1808.—J. E.
FENEROLI, Fedele, a musician, was born at Lanciano in the Abruzzi in 1732, and died at Naples on the 1st of January, 1818. He was a pupil of the famous Durante in the conservatorio di S. Onofrio at Naples, and he held the office of professor of accompaniment successively in the conservatorios of Sa. Maria de Loreto, and of La Pietà dei Turchini. Feneroli composed some pieces of church music which are praised for the great melodiousness of all the parts. His reputation rests, however, on his successful teaching. In the course of his long career he was the preceptor of many distinguished composers. He was not a man of deep theoretical knowledge; and he owed his success less to his principles than to his method of imparting them. His "Regole per i principianti di Cembalo" is a work in good esteem, and is particularly useful on account of the great number of figured basses for exercises which it contains.—G. A. M.
FENESTELLA, Lucius, a Roman historian of considerable celebrity in the Augustan age, was the author of a work entitled "Annals," which seems to have extended to more than twenty books; but only a few fragments of it are extant referring to the period of the Punic wars. He seems to have also written "Carmina." The date of his death is placed about the twenty-first year of the christian era. There is a notice of him in the work of Vossius, De Historicis Latinis.—W. B.
* FENGIR, Carl Emil, Danish minister of finance, and nephew of Christian, born 9th February, 1814. In 1835 he took his examination with honour at the college of surgery, and afterwards travelled for three years. Returning to Copenhagen in 1841, he attained to great honour in his profession, and almost every year gave him a new post of responsibility and trust. Gifted with brilliant talents as a teacher, he lectured first on pathology and afterwards on clinical science, in which department of medical knowledge he attained to great eminence. But his great talents were not alone confined to medicine; he devoted himself to history, mathematics, and the political sciences, taking the deepest interest in the politics of his native land. In 1848 he had been elected to important offices both in Copenhagen and in the diet of his country, and in 1856 he was chosen representative of Copenhagen in the Folketing. In 1859, he gave up the medical profession, and became a member of the government as minister of finance.—M. H.
FENGIR, Christian, one of the most celebrated surgeons of Copenhagen at the commencement of the present century, was born at Christianshavn, 7th January, 1773. In 1810 he became professor of the Academy of Surgery, and member of its direction; in 1813 member of the College of Health; in 1819 one of the directors of the Lying-in Hospital and the Orphan Asylum; in 1830 he had the general direction of surgery in the same, and direction of the Fredericks Hospital. He died at Conferentsraad, 21st October, 1845. He is known as a writer in the medical publications of the day.—M. H.
FENN, Sir John, an English antiquary, was born at Norwich, in November, 1739. He was educated at Seaming in Norfolk, and at Boresdale in Suffolk, and subsequently at Gonville and Cains college, Cambridge, where he graduated as B.A. in 1761, and as M.A. in 1764. He was early distinguished by his application to the study of our national history and antiquities, and published, in 1787, two folio volumes of original letters written during the reigns of Henry VI., Edward IV., Richard IV., and Henry VII., by the Paston family, and other Norfolk worthies whose lives were passed in court or camp. These volumes he inscribed to George III., and was knighted as a recompense. In 1789 he published other two volumes, with
