notes and illustrations. He was a fellow of the Antiquarian Society, and prepared "Three Chronological Tables" of its members, which were printed in 1784 for the use of the society. He died in Norfolk on the 14th day of February, 1794. He was an accurate scholar, an enlightened magistrate, a warm friend, and a consistent christian, and his death was universally regretted. The Paston Letters have of late been frequently reprinted.—J. L. A.
FENOUILLOT DE FALBAIRE DE QUINGEY, Charles Georges, born at Salins in 1727; died in 1801. He was educated for the church at the college Louis le Grand, lost his vocation, and found employment in the office of finance. In 1767 he produced a drama entitled "L'honnête criminel," which was favourably received, and translated into German, Dutch, and Italian. Through his wife's property and influence he became baron de Quingey, and obtained the lucrative office of inspector des salines de l'est. He succeeded in bringing upon the stage several pieces. He was at war with several of his brother authors, whom he described as stealing his thunder.—J. A., D.
FENTON, Edward, an early English navigator, was born in Nottingham in 1550, and died at Deptford in 1603. Whilst a young man he sold his hereditary estate, and obtained a command in the troops sent over to reduce Ireland. Here his courage and skill soon brought him into notice, and in accordance with the usage of the time we find, though a military officer, that a naval command was speedily conferred on him. Fenton was appointed captain of the Gabriel, of twenty-five tons burden, in the second voyage undertaken in 1577 by Martin Frobisher for the discovery of the north-west passage. He accompanied this voyager also in his third expedition in 1578. In these voyages he displayed skilful seamanship and daring courage. He volunteered to remain with a party a whole year in the polar regions, but circumstances prevented his offer being accepted. In 1582 government sent him on a trading expedition with four well-armed and well-equipped vessels to visit China and the East Indies. His instructions bound him to go by the Cape of Good Hope, and not by Magellan's Straits, "going or returning, except upon great occasion incident," and with the concurrence of his officers. He sailed first to Sierra Leone, then crossed to Ascension on the La Plata, thence to St. Vincent, where he had an encounter with the Spaniards, destroying three sail of the line. After this exploit, Fenton abandoned his purposes of trade, and returned home in 1583. He commanded the Antilope in 1588, and fought bravely against the Spanish armada.—R. B.
FENTON, Elijah, born near Newcastle in Staffordshire in 1683; died in 1730. Fenton was the youngest of eleven children. His father was an attorney. Fenton took the degree of B.A. in Oxford in 1704, but he declined taking orders. The first recorded employment of Fenton was his being secretary to Charles, earl of Orrery, when in Flanders, and tutor to his son. He conducted a school at Sevenoaks in Kent, which he brought into reputation; but which he left in the expectation of patronage from St. John, afterwards Lord Bolingbroke. In 1707 he published a collection of poems. Through Pope's influence he became secretary to Craggs, then secretary of state—whose death by smallpox threw Fenton again on the world. Fenton supplied to Pope's translation of the Odyssey four books, the first, the fourth, the nineteenth, and the twentieth. In 1723 his tragedy of "Mariamne," written at Southerne's house, and, it is said, with his assistance, was acted at Lincoln's-inn-Fields, and brought him a thousand pounds. In 1727 he published an edition of the Paradise Lost, with a life of Milton; and in 1729 an edition of Waller. The close of his life was passed calmly. He undertook the education of the eldest son of Sir William Trumbull, attended him to Cambridge, and in the vacations resided at Easthampstead in Berkshire, and was auditor of his accounts. Here he died; and Pope, who appears to have admired and loved him, wrote his epitaph.—J. A., D.
FENTON, Sir Geoffrey, a statesman and writer, brother of Edward Fenton, flourished under Elizabeth and James I. The date of his birth has not been recorded. At an early age he was a proficient in several languages, especially Latin, Greek, French, Italian, and Spanish. He translated Guicciardini's History of the Wars of Italy, dedicating the work to Queen Elizabeth, January 7, 1579. Previous to that date he had published "Certaine Tragicall Discourses written oute of French and Latin," praised as a capital collection by Warton; and Golden Epistles from Guevara and other authors. It appears, from the dedication of this latter work to Anne, daughter of Lord Burleigh, that the famous secretary was one of the author's patrons. Fenton, as a statesman, is only memorable for the part he played in the government of Ireland during the reign of Elizabeth. He went to Ireland recommended by influential persons, and already known to the lord-deputy, Arthur Lord Grey. Fenton's father-in-law, Dr. Robert Weston, was for some time lord-chancellor of Ireland, and dean of the arches in England. Through his influence, which extended even to the queen herself, Fenton became secretary of the Irish government, and in that position, favoured by successive governors, and highly trusted by the queen, he laboured with much zeal and ability to promote the interests both of the government and the people. Elizabeth frequently sent for her Irish secretary to take counsel from him in person. At his death in Dublin, October 19, 1608, he had been twenty-seven years a privy councillor for Ireland. Fenton's daughter, Catherine, was married in 1603 to Richard Boyle the "great earl of Cork."—J. S., G.
* FENYES, Alexius, Hungarian author, born in 1807, was brought up to law, but since 1831 has devoted himself exclusively to geographical and statistical researches. His great geographical work on Hungary, Pesth, 1839-40, and his "Statistics of Hungary" Pesth, 1842-43, contain most valuable information. In 1848 he became chief of the statistical bureau in the home office, and was imprisoned by the Austrians in 1849. He is now connected with an insurance office.—F. P., L.
FEO, Francesco, a musician, was born at Naples in 1699. He was a pupil for singing and composition of Domenico Gizzi, whom he succeeded in 1740 as director of the singing academy of Naples, founded by this master, from whence proceeded a large proportion of the most famous vocalists of the eighteenth century. Feo passed from the instruction of Gizzi to that of Pitoni. He produced several successful operas, and wrote still more extensively for the church.—G. A. M.
FEODOR, or FEDOR, or, according to the English spelling, Theodor (the Russians express the sound of the Greek Θ, or Th, by F), is the name of three Russian czars:—Feodor I., Ivanovich, the son of Czar Ivan the Terrible, born in 1557, succeeded to his father in 1584, who, well aware of Feodor's monastic habits, had appointed a regency for carrying on the government. Boris Godunoff was the most important member of this council of regency, and soon concentrated the supreme power in his own hands. Feodor lived quietly in his palace in devotional retirement, giving all his time to ascetic exercises, whilst Boris continued to carry out the work of Ivan Varaegs, consolidating the Russian empire upon the principles of centralization. He established the patriarchate of Moscow, extended the conquest of Siberia, secured the country against the attacks of the Tartars, and tried to bring the empire into diplomatic connection with the western world. Feodor's son, Demetrius, having been killed at Uglitsch in 1591, a suspicion arose among the aristocracy that Godunoff had hired the assassins; still the czar left the supreme power in the hands of his ambitious brother-in-law, and died in 1596 in the odour of sanctity.—Feodor II. was the son of Czar Boris Godunoff, who died in 1605 during the invasion of Russia by the Poles. Feodor II.'s reign lasted but for a few weeks, Bassmanoff, his general-in-chief, having gone over to the enemy with all the army. Feodor was cast into prison and died by his own hand.—Feodor III., Alexievich, born in 1657, was the son of Czar Alexis. He succeeded to his father in 1676, and in order to destroy the pretensions and privileges of the hereditary aristocracy with respect to the government offices, he had the archives of the state witnessing the titles of nobility publicly burned, and established thereupon the most complete bureaucracy. Having conceived the plan of a great university for the whole of Russia, he drew up a set of by-laws which illustrate the strange state of Russian civilization. Any profesor who should deviate from the orthodox faith, or practise magical arts, or despise the worship of images, was, according to the czar's regulations, to be publicly whipt, and, in case of a relapse, burnt at the stake. Feodor fought successfully against the Turks and Crimean Tartars, and forced the sultan by the peace of 1601 to give up his pretensions over the Ukraine. Feodor III. died in 1682, and was succeeded by his second brother Peter, afterwards called the Great; his next brother, Ivan, being hopelessly weak-minded.—F. P., L.
FEODOR, Ivanovich, historical painter and engraver, was born about 1765 among a horde of Kalmucks on the borders
